Campus BikeShare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Campus BikeShare - Assignment Example This previous participation within such activities is the driving force for the entrepreneurs who seek to ensure other individuals also gain the same benefits through participation in the business (Jeston & Nelis, 2014). The knowledge gained while participating in cycling activities will be essential in the procurement and maintenance of the equipment used by the venture. The business will procure relatively lightweight bicycles which will be leased to customers to ensure they get the maximum benefit from riding. The riding skills of the management will be essential as they will have to conduct a testing for the bicycles before leasing them out to clients. The operations manager will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring the equipment remains in good working conditions. He/she will also be the person responsible for the procurement of new bicycles and spare parts when required. Safety personnel will be involved in ensuring that the best equipment is availed to the organisation, for the clients to attain maximum benefits of physical fitness. The equipment will be assessed and analysed in terms of the physical attributes to ensure that limited bodily strains are experienced. The safety personnel will assess the aesthetics of the bicycles to ensure they meet the minimum requirements stipulated by the organisation. The following activities will be involved in the process of developing the bike share venture into a business programme. The activities will be undertaken in the order listed below. Completion of each activity will mark the beginning of the next activity in the process of implementing the venture. The source of funding will be from personal savings of the entrepreneurs to about 30% of the total capital required by the business. The rest of the funds will be procured through grants from sponsor organisations and even other organisations which will support the programme. These

Comparative Study Of Politeness Strategies English Language Essay

Comparative Study Of Politeness Strategies English Language Essay Introduction Over the last three decades, politeness strategies have become one of the most active area of research in spoken and written discourse. This phenomenon began when Goffman published On face work in 1955 and other classical studies such as Lakoff (1973, 1977), Leech (1983) and Brown Levinsons (1987), who conducted extensive studies on politeness. These studies indicate that linguistic politeness is generally associated with social behaviour to avoid conflicts. The past few years the application of politeness studies has been extended beyond the verbal communication to include written material to engage conflict-free communication between writers-audience, started in 1989 when Myers published his article the pragmatics of politeness in scientific articles since then many scholars extended the concept of politeness strategies onto written context such as; current research issues (Kasper: 1990) business letter (Maier: 1992), written business discourse (Pilegaard: 1997), scientific text (Kwok: 1997), written persuasion (Cherry: 1988), thesis writing (Faridah Noor: 2000), and research article (Dahl :2009). Myers (1989) in his study found that the model proposed by Brown Levinson (1987) was applicable in how to interpret scientific culture found in scientific writing. Brown and Levinson (1987) found in their study four (4) categories of politeness strategies. These are proposed as universal as the striking parallels in politeness devices between three unrelated languages (Tzeltal, Tamil and English) were found. While politeness may be expressed differently in one culture to another, the basic hierarchy of politeness strategies is not a culture specific. (Brown Levinsons : 1987) Even though the majority study of the past studies in politeness strategies are closely related with verbal communication context. Many studies recently showed that it could also be extended onto written context, and somehow the politeness strategies in written discourse in line with the demands of the academic community that expects scientific language to be objective and formal. This present study is interested to study the kinds of politeness strategies find in economic journal writing as another field in written discourse. What makes economics special is that economics is consisted of the combination of soft science research issues related to human behaviour and the hard science mathematics economic models. The model represents the interaction between human being and market under specific conditions. Dahl (2009: 2). The other reason is how economist presents their thought in the research paper they write. Moreover, by using Myerss (1989) study that in line to what Brown and Levinson had proposed in their study. This present study tries to focus on the politeness strategies employed in economic journal articles. Concerning none of the past studies deeply focused to study the academic journals especially in economic field and comparing between local and international economic journals. By viewing that chances the researcher hopes that this present study able to contribute to the existing pool of knowledge on politeness strategies used in academic writing, particularly which in the writing of economic journal articles of two identified economic journals. Statement of the Problem Brown and Levinson (1987) construct a system to explain the nature of politeness phenomena in language. The major concept of politeness theory is an arrangement of politeness strategies along a continuum from least polite to most polite. Previous studies had shown that politeness strategies not only applied by many people via verbal communication but also through the medium of written material. Although, Politeness in both social and linguistic studies has shown a phenomenon of interest in the past decades, many past studies choose to draw on conversational data. Many scholars do not realize that politeness model can be extended beyond the verbal communication to include written materials. The extension of politeness models to some genres of scientific written texts such as economic journal could contribute to explain the application of politeness strategies. To identify sort of politeness strategies employed in economic journal somehow could be an interesting also a complex field to study as Holmes (2001) says that Economic field is a prototypical of the social sciences. To engage in this discourse in a meaningful and effective manner requires skilful handling of textual strategies. Moreover, the use of politeness strategies in economic journals by particular people from different culture background, age and economic expertise when making a claim, maintain face or employed other kinds of politeness strategies in their paper is an interesting matter to study. Based on that statement above the main purposes of this study beyond the limits of this paper, to give an exhaustive overview of politeness-related research are to identify sort of politeness strategies that employed and analyze the politeness strategies in economic journal articles of one local and one international economic journals selected for this study. Objectives of the Study In recent years there has been a steady increase in interest and research into economics discourse by both economists and linguists which has spawned an expanding body of work. the present study undertakes the task of looking at the use of the politeness strategies employed in economic journal and compare between one local and one international economic journals by proposing the objectives below; To investigate the use of politeness strategies in economics text To compare the use of politeness strategies in a local and international economic journals Research Questions The present study aims to answer the following questions: What kinds of politeness strategies are employed in economic text? In what ways are the politeness strategies found to be similar or different in local or international economic journals? The present study also proposes that it would be beneficial for the journal writers to know where they stand in the academic discourse community as this awareness can assists them in planning the strategies used to present their findings as new knowledge claims. Significance of the study Since the early 1980s, the discussion of various controversial issues in the economics discourse community has led to increasing debate among concerned economists about the ways that they communicate with each other, as well as with non-economists. In this exploratory study, the researcher chooses to focus on the existence of politeness strategies in economic journals. Hopefully this present study would contribute towards obtaining a set of politeness strategies in economic journals. The collection of strategies would encompass a sampling of strategies used by journal writer(s) within a span of six (6) years latest from the field of economy. Moreover this present study hopes to enhance the understanding of academic researchers, who are interested in the area of politeness strategies, especially in the use of politeness strategies in economic journals and to show the kinds of politeness strategies employed in both local and international economic journals. Furthermore, understanding the kinds of politeness strategies in written texts, especially in economic journals, could be useful when politeness strategies are employed in other genres in order to fit with the demanding of formality and objectivity of the academic writing. This study also hopes to clarify many ways that the economists use language to express themselves in a polite manner and to help the public to understand the politeness style of writing by the economist in written texts. In addition, the specific aim of this present study is also to show that there is an increasing awareness of the nature of economics discourse by both applied linguists and economists. To achieve the purposes above, this research studies two economic journals, one local and one international, published by Malaysian and American economic associations. Scope and Limitation of The Study This present study will limit its data from selected journals released by local and international economic associations to find out politeness strategies employed by the economists in two identified economic journals, namely Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies and Journal of Economic Growth, released by the Malaysian Economic Association and the American Economic Association respectively. The articles from these journals were chosen from the six years latest issues, starting from 2004 to 2009. This study limits its scope only on the contents of the articles. The areas of mathematical languages, formula, as well as footnotes in the articles will be not included as parts of the analysis. This study also does not attempt to look at the differences in the style of writing choice of politeness strategies based on gender, age or ethnic background, and strategies used by journal writers over a period of time. This research also tries not to focus on particular specific areas where some economists and linguists often argue about, but more on general issues of economic content in these journals, that the researcher feels provide examples of the existence of politeness strategies 1.5 Summary The focus of the present study is to investigate the use of politeness strategies in economic journals. It undertakes the task to identify and analyze politeness strategies employed in the articles and compares two economic journals local and international publication namely Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies and Journal of Economic Growth by using the theory of politeness from Brown Levinson (1978) and Myers (1989).

Global Broadcasting Systems :: essays research papers

This book is about the global broadcasting systems. The Preface says that things are changing so fast that the book will probably be outdated by the time we read it. On the other hand, it does provide a clear picture of television and other media around the world, at the moment in time when the authors did their research. The writers got help from their colleagues, as well as questions and comments by students, in order to put the book together in its final form. It has seven chapters, a Glossary, a list of Further Reading, and an index. Each chapter discusses one aspect of global broadcasting. Chapter One is titled "The World Telecommunications Revolution." The empowerment of consumers is changing the way global telecommunications works, even though this is not the aim of the media distributors. Many professionals in the field "believe that the future is a multimedia retrieval system for everyone" (p. 1). World communications systems can make it possible to get any almost television show in the world, from almost anywhere in the world. Different cultures might require different types of programming around the world. On the other hand, shows like CNN have made the formats of programs uniform around the world. Will we have diversity, or uniformity, in the future? Chapter Two is titled "World Systems Overview." There are hundreds of millions of television sets and radios all over the world. Countries like the US, Canada, and England have sophisticated broadcast systems. Developing countries like those in Central and South America do not. Some countries have private broadcasters, and others have government broadcasters. Some countries have a mix of both private and government ownership. Chapter Three is titled "Control and Regulation of World Systems." The variety of control, from complete government control of broadcasting systems to total privatization of ownership, depends on the form of government in each country. The US has private ownership, but the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates broadcasting. Canada has government broadcasting by the Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC), but they also have private ownership because they want diversity in programming. In Cuba the government has control over all stations. Chapter Four is titled "Financing Global Electronic Media." The source of funds for broadcasting could be government subsidy, private advertising, or donations by the viewing public. Most of the broadcasting in the US is supported by advertising. The Canadian government supports the CBC because they believe that it is important for the growth of national culture and education.

Hamlet and Play

Hamlet Essay The act of revenge never fails to accomplish Shakespeare’s goal of keeping the audience in their seats. Hamlet, William Shakespeare’s most well written play carries the theme of revenge or redemption throughout the play. Redemption is defined to be as the desire to undo an injury or a wrongdoing. Many characters felt that they needed to redeem themselves however in doing so, they ended up facing death. For some characters, revenge had sprouted from their urges to redeem themselves. Revenge is defined as the desire to repay an individual for their injury or wrongdoing.A famous American novelist, John Irving has mentioned in work The World According to Garp, that it is a life-redeeming work in which everybody dies. Hamlet, Shakespeare’s most unique play follows in-line with Irving’s idea which is seen through the actions of Hamlet, Laertes and Gertrude. Hamlet, the protagonist of the play was greatly affected by the death of his father, King Ham let who he sought for revenge throughout the play. During the beginning of the play, Hamlet was very distressed at the fact that his father had died. He was very troubled at the fact that his mother Gertrude had remarried Claudius so quickly.Hamlet felt that his mother had betrayed and abandoned his father for another man. After Hamlet’s altercation with the King Hamlet’s ghost, Hamlet raged in anger against Claudius for killing his father. Hamlet felt that he needed to redeem his father so he sought his path of revenge by planning on killing Claudius. Hamlet also tried to redeem himself with Ophelia. Hamlet has acted very rudely and crazy in front of Ophelia where he said, â€Å"Or, if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them† (3. 1. 139-141). However, by the time Ophelia died, Hamlet poured his heart out saying that: Swounds, show me what thou'lt do. Woo’t weep? Woo’t fight? Woo’t fa st? Woo’t tear thyself? Woo’t drink up eisel, eat a crocodile? I’ll do ’t. Dost thou come here to whine, To outface me with leaping in her grave? Be buried quick with her? —and so will I. (5. 1. 252-258) Hamlet realizes how much he actually loved Ophelia and he shows that he will be willing to do anything to redeem himself for the way he acted towards Ophelia before. During the scene at the churchyard, Laertes and Hamlet get into an altercation in Ophelia’s grave however, Hamlet after feels â€Å"very sorry† for his actions towards Laertes (5. . 80). By the end of the play, Hamlet gives a formal apology to Laertes, which he accepts. This signifies that as the play progress and as Hamlet makes mistakes, he attempts redeem himself in the way he was acting crazy. Hamlet wanted to come back to his usual self but at the same time he still wanted seek his revenge against his father. By the end of the play, Claudius does die and Hamlet fulfi lls his goal of seeking redemption just before his death. Laertes is an explosive and hotheaded character who got angry when he found out from Claudius that it was Hamlet who killed his father, Polonius.Claudius plans out a devious plan for Laertes to kill Hamlet during fencing. Claudius shows his true character when he encourages Laertes to choose a sharp sword and to â€Å"[r]equite [Hamlet] for [his] father† (4. 7. 136). However, by the end of the play Laertes realizes that by going against Hamlet, he is doing a wrong thing. Even after betraying Hamlet, Laertes redeems himself by exposing that the king is at fault for events that took place. He finally asks for Hamlet’s forgiveness, which Hamlet accepts.This signifies that even though he fulfilled Claudius’ wishes of killing and betraying his friend Hamlet; he still redeemed himself by telling Hamlet the truth about Claudius. By the end of the play, Laertes faced death while he was seeking redemption. As per Hamlet, Gertrude was seen as a mother who had betrayed her previous husband, King Hamlet by marrying Claudius a few months after King Hamlet’s death. Gertrude did not take Hamlet’s feeling into consideration after remarrying with Claudius showing that Instead, she forces Hamlet to accept Claudius as his father, which shows that she only thinks about herself; she is selfish.Gertrude wasn’t hesitant in telling Claudius that it was Hamlet who killed Polonius. She was willing to betray her own son by further convincing Claudius that Hamlet was mad. By doing so, Claudius began planning on â€Å"sending [Hamlet] away†, which Gertrude agreed to (4. 3. 8). However, it seems that by the end of the play Gertrude has a realization this entire time it was Claudius who was really against her and not Hamlet. She dies by crying out â€Å"Oh, my dear Hamlet! † (5. 2. 305). It seems that Hamlet forgives her because instead of ignoring her death he was furious and h e wanted to know he had killed her.Gertrude redeems herself by the end of the play but unfortunately she was killed by the end of the play. Fortinbras, the son of Old Fortinbras had a goal of attaining all the lands that was lost against King Hamlet. He aims to redeem the death of his father and Norway’s honour by taking over Denmark. Even though Fortinbras was seeking redemption, he did not face the same consequences of death like many characters within Hamlet. Instead, by the end of the play Fortinbras â€Å"embrace[s] [his] fortune† by taking over Denmark even though may not have wished to take over Denmark in the way he did and that is with sadness over the many deaths.Fortinbras is a character whose life was surrounded by redemption did not end with death. William Shakespeare’s best play, Hamlet has one of the most disastrous tragedies in all of English literature. Throughout the play, a common theme of redemption ran through the play. Characters sought ven geance and redemption for their wrongdoings whereas many of them faced the consequences of death doing so. John Irving’s comment that it is in life-redeeming work that everybody dies in does hold true with Hamlet to an extent. Works Cited â€Å"Hamlet. † Enotes. com. Enotes. com, n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. .

Identify characteristics of foundation subjects and primary curriculum

The importance of music is undeniable in today ‘s society. ‘ [ It ] plays an of import portion in mundane life: we hear it on the wireless, on the telecasting, in churches, in the supermarket ; we dance to it, relax to it and are refreshed by it. We seem to necessitate it ; in fact it is hard to conceive of society without some signifier of music. Such an indispensable demand would warrant its inclusion in any school course of study ‘ ( Gilbert 1992, p.6 ) . The cardinal accomplishments that underpin music as a primary topic are movable to a broad scope of other course of study countries. Harmonizing the national course of study ‘Teaching should guarantee that listening, and using cognition and apprehension, are developed through the interconnected accomplishments of ‘performing ‘ , ‘composing ‘ and ‘appraising † ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) . Listening is cardinal accomplishment within all national course of study topics, in peculiar literacy, to which hearing is a major portion of the cognition, accomplishments and understanding content. Listening is a accomplishment to which kids must develop if they are to pass on efficaciously. In every facet of the primary course of study, hearing is a accomplishment that needs changeless development. Appraising is the tem used to by the national course of study for measuring music. To measure efficaciously, in a musical sense, a kid must use their hearing accomplishments. Boys and Spink agree that â€Å" appraisal implies active listening with a specific intent in head and is a manner of coming to cognize and understand music † . Appraisal is a personal engagement with a piece of music, comparing and contrasting, ways of bettering and how it makes you experience. This accomplishment can be transferred into many curriculum countries such as showing an sentiment on a piece of poesy in literacy, comparing one balance to another in gymnastic exercises and the two stars and wish system of equal appraisal. Composition is the originative facet of music within the national course of study. ‘It involves making a piece of music with an connotation. It involves thoughts, possibilities, outlining and re outlining to make a coveted result and doing opinions about what is successful and why ‘ ( Jones and Robson, 2008 ) . The accomplishments that are necessary for composing music are farther highlighted by Boys and Spink, ‘Pupils have acquired a immense scope of movable accomplishments such as teamwork, co-operation and working to a brief or deadline every bit good as recorded grounds of their accomplishment ‘ ( 2008 ) . The most successful music lessons manage to integrate all of these elements of accomplishment within the one lesson taking to a public presentation of some description. The apogee of hearing, measuring and composing leads to a public presentation. Whilst on practical learning arrangement I managed to detect several music lessons in a Year One category that contained these elements. First the kids listened to their instructors say her name changing the pitch high and low and utilizing long and short notes. The category so had to reiterate back utilizing the same pitch. The kids could so propose at that place ain manner of singing their full name, changing the pitch and tone of their voices. The kids so sang their ain name to the category if they wanted to, in a safe scene, promoting the less confident kids to make so, reassuring the kids that they could non acquire it incorrect. Music has an exceeding manner of promoting kids as a kid does non hold to be musically adept to be successf ul. One piece of music may do a kid feel sad whilst make another kid happy. Music is a extremely adaptable topic that can be used to develop accomplishments in other countries of the course of study. A piece of classical music can be used in an art lesson to ‘paint a vocal ‘ , leting kids artistic freedom, to utilize different coppice shots, colorss and forms. Music can besides be used with topics that are non within the same bunch such as geographics. The national course of study provinces in its breath of survey that ‘during the cardinal phase, students should be taught the cognition, accomplishments and understanding through: a scope of unrecorded and recorded music from different times and civilizations ‘ ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) . This enables a strong cross-curricular nexus to geographics. It is of import that kids explore other states and their civilization, peculiarly its humanistic disciplines and music. Music is a basis of many societies which can take us to a greater understanding about that civilization. Children can see this th rough listening to music indigen of assorted states all over the universe and experimenting with different instruments. In today ‘s multicultural society it is indispensable that kids are exposed to a assortment of civilizations so they can exert regard and develop cognition and machination. Jones and Robson concur, saying that â€Å" the rules underpinning this are non merely that the kids themselves in the category that you teach will be drawn from diverse backgrounds that all kids turning up in a multicultural society are entitled to a course of study that reflects the diverseness of the state, further than that, kids are progressively required to hold on the planetary dimension of issues and some grasp of cultural assortment will enable this wider apprehension † ( 2008 ) . Geography it seems has an unsure hereafter harmonizing to Tilbury and Williams, ‘In some states the separate individuality of the topic is non recognized while in others it is frequently squeezed into elected constructions as force per unit areas mount on the limited sum of course of study clip ‘ ( 1997 ) . Geography has a batch to offer in enriching the primary course of study, the accomplishments that are taught and developed are particularly broad runing. Their spacial consciousness is developed by practising their map reading and doing accomplishments this is a strong nexus to the understanding belongingss of place and motion country of mathematics in the National Curriculum besides when roll uping and construing informations when reading graphs and studies. This gives the handling informations country mathematics and existent life state of affairs that it is used in geographics when analyzing information about other states. Childs have the chance to develop their exp erimental accomplishments through secondary beginnings such as artifacts, narratives, images and exposure. Not merely does this nexus to developing other humanistic disciplines topics such as history but besides in originative topics such as art. Bing able to depict and explicate and knock utilizing assorted artifacts is a valuable tool. Although the accomplishment set from geographics is good to kids, in today ‘s quickly changing universe, it is going of all time more critical to be triping interesting in geographical and environmental scientific discipline. It may be a kid that takes an involvement in the environment and sustainable development within a primary schoolroom, who has that concern nurtured throughout their instruction and is the 1 that developed a sustainable fuel we can all unrecorded with, basically altering the universe. In decision, English speech production and listening programmes which target the National Curriculum ( and besides the new Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland ) every bit good as the aims of the National Literacy Strategy ( NLS ) model. Teachers ‘ notes are besides available. Geography promotes attitudes and regard. The sameness between states to extinguish

Cómo obtener el récord migratorio en Estados Unidos

Cà ³mo obtener el rà ©cord migratorio en Estados Unidos Solicitar el rà ©cord migratorio en Estados Unidos puede ser  recomendable, por un lado, para completar documentacià ³n necesaria para algunos trmites y que no se tiene y, por otro lado, para entender la causa de negaciones de peticiones o solicitudes migratorias como, por ejemplo, la denegacià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia o de una visa no inmigrante. En los casos de denegaciones de peticiones de visas u otros beneficios migratorios tener el rà ©cord migratorio permite saber cul es el origen del problema y, a partir, de ahà ­, solucionarlo cuando sea posible. Solicitar rà ©cord migratorio en EE.UU. Cualquier persona o su abogado puede solicitar informacià ³n sobre su rà ©cord migratorio en Estados Unidos. Es posible que deba requerir dicha informacià ³n a una o ms oficinas del gobierno, dependiendo de quà © informacià ³n busca.USCIS: planilla G-639CPB: peticià ³n electrà ³nica en su pgina oficialCortes migratorias: planilla DOJ-361ICE: carta a oficina en Washington D.C.Informacià ³n relacionada con consulados u oficinas consulares de Embajadas: Carta a oficina del Departamento de Estado en Washington D.C.  ¿Es bueno o malo tener un rà ©cord migratorio en EE.UU.? Tener en rà ©cord migratorio, en sà ­ mismo, no es bueno ni malo. Es ms, todos los extranjeros que en algà ºn momento han obtenido una visa o la green card o cualquier otro beneficio migratorio tienen un rà ©cord. Tambià ©n lo tienen las personas que han sido detenidas en la frontera o a las que se le ha negado el ingreso a EE.UU. Por el contrario, los migrantes que ingresaron ilegalmente por la frontera, no tienen rà ©cord como tampoco lo tienen los extranjeros que nunca han viajado a EE.UU. o una de sus fronteras ni tampoco han solicitado jams ningà ºn tipo de visa. Son las circunstancias de cada caso las que convierten un rà ©cord migratorio o su ausencia en algo bueno o en algo malo.  ¿Por quà © puede ser conveniente obtener una copia del rà ©cord de inmigracià ³n? En muchas ocasiones algo ha ido mal y no se sabe bien la razà ³n, por ejemplo, se prohà ­be la entrada en un aeropuerto, se deniega repetidamente una visa no inmigrante, como por ejemplo, la de turista, o se ha sido deportado o se niega la green card. Es muy conveniente que antes de intentarlo de nuevo, la persona interesada y su abogado tengan muy claros todos los elementos del procedimiento de deportacià ³n y, a partir de ahà ­, ver cules son los procedimientos que se pueden seguir, si es posible pedir una waiver y cul, etc. Otro ejemplo de cunto puede ser  necesario obtener el rà ©cord migratorio es cuando se quiere realizar un trmite, como por ejemplo, un ajuste de estatus o la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n y se piden rà ©cords migratorios que se han extraviado. Por ejemplo, los I-94 con las fechas exactas de entradas y salidas de los Estados Unidos. En ocasiones, no es posible obtener toda la informacià ³n y documentos necesarios a travà ©s de las và ­as habituales. En estos casos se puede solicitar las peticiones de rà ©cord migratorio para completar la informacià ³n que no se tiene.  ¿Por quà © es posible obtener el rà ©cord de inmigracià ³n en EE.UU.? Segà ºn la Ley de la Libertad de Informacià ³n (FOIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), todas las personas, incluidas las extranjeras que se encuentran en Estados Unidos o en otro paà ­s, sin importar su estatus migratorio legal, pueden solicitar a cualquier agencia federal su propio rà ©cord de relacià ³n con una agencia en concreto, incluidas las que tratan asuntos migratorios.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden solicitar el rà ©cord migratorio de una persona en EE.UU.? La informacià ³n que se puede solicitar ha de referirse a la persona que la solicita o, en casos muy concretos, a la de un familiar ya fallecido. Tambià ©n es posible que los abogados pidan informacià ³n sobre sus clientes. Las agencias federales estn obligadas a proporcionar la informacià ³n solicitada, pero pueden excluir de la documentacià ³n que se entrega determinados asuntos que afectan a la seguridad o a terceras personas. Adems, en los casos migratorios es comà ºn excluir notas realizadas por los oficiales de inmigracià ³n que se han ocupado de un caso en concreto.  ¿Quà © tipo de rà ©cord de inmigracià ³n se puede solicitar? La clase de informacià ³n que se puede pedir es muy variada, por ejemplo, cualquier aplicacià ³n enviada al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), como peticià ³n de familia, cambio de visa, extensià ³n de visa, asilo afirmativo, permiso de trabajo, etc. Tambià ©n se puede solicitar informacià ³n sobre la denegacià ³n de una visa no inmigrante, como la de turista, estudiante, intercambio o trabajo. Asimismo, se puede solicitar el rà ©cord sobre aprehensià ³n en la frontera o cerca de la misma y sobre cualquier tipo de detencià ³n migratoria. Tambià ©n sobre los casos de expulsià ³n inmediata en una de las fronteras de Estados Unidos. Finalmente, se puede solicitar informacià ³n sobre el procedimiento y/o orden de deportacià ³n o cualquier asuntos ante las cortes migratorias, como por ejemplo peticiones de asilo defensivo, suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n, etc.  ¿Cà ³mo se solicita el rà ©cord migratorio en EE.UU.? La solicitud y adà ³nde se tiene que enviar va a depender de la agencia federal a la que se le pide la informacià ³n. Incluso es posible enviar varias solicitudes a distintas agencias. Rà ©cords migratorios del USCIS El USCIS, o antiguo INS, se ocupa de peticiones muy variadas, como aprobaciones del I-130 en solicitudes de la green card para familiares, asilo afirmativo, permiso de trabajo, advance parole, DACA para Dreamers, cambio o extensià ³n de visas no inmigrantes, solicitud de naturalizacià ³n,  etc. Si el rà ©cord que se desea obtener es de esa naturaleza, se puede  rellenar el formulario G-639, siguiendo las instrucciones de esa planilla. Solicitar esta informacià ³n mediante este formulario es gratuito. Pero no es necesario utilizar esa planilla, ya que puede realizarse la peticià ³n con una carta en inglà ©s, que debe enviarse a: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServicesNational Records Center, FOIA/PA OfficeP. O. Box 648010Lee’s Summit, MO 64064-8010 Adems, es posible contactarse marcando a los telà ©fonos 1-800-375-5283 o al 1-816-350-5787. Tambià ©n es posible comunicarse por correo electrà ³nico escribiendo a:  uscis.foiauscis.dhs.gov.  Las siglas DHS significan Deparment of Homeland Security o lo que es lo mismo, Departamento de Seguridad Interna. USCIS no contestar ninguna peticià ³n que no ha sido debidamente firmada. Solicitar rà ©cord migratorio a la Patrulla de Control Fronterizo (CBP) Si ha tenido algà ºn tipo de incidente en la frontera o en un aeropuerto o se le ha prohibido la entrada, entonces enviar la peticià ³n a la  CBP. Anote la de la ciudad ms cercana al lugar o al aeropuerto donde se produjo el incidente y envà ­e allà ­ la planilla debidamente cumplimentada. Esa peticià ³n se realiza electrà ³nicamente en la propia pgina de internet de la CBP, que est en inglà ©s. Se puede crear una cuenta o tambià ©n es posible realizar la peticià ³n como invitado, es decir, presionando donde pone continue as guest. Solicitar rà ©cord migratorio a una Corte Si lo que se necesita es el rà ©cord de deportacià ³n sobre un procedimiento o cita ante un juez de inmigracià ³n, la planilla a rellenar es la DOJ-361 del Departamento de Justicia y enviarlo a:. Service Center Executive Office for Inmmigration Review5107 Leesburg Pike, suite 1903. VA 22041 Y tambià ©n es posible comunicarse con esa oficina por correo electrà ³nico en la direccià ³n EOIR.FOIARequestusdoj.gov Solicitar rà ©cord migratorio al ICE   Las personas que han estado detenidas o los deudores de fianzas -bond obligor, en inglà ©s- pueden solicitar su rà ©cord a: U.S. Immigration and Customs EnforcementFreedom of Information Act Office500 12th Street SW, Stop 5009Washington, DC 20536-5009 Solicitar rà ©cord migratorio al Departamento de Estado (DoS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Se puede solicitar informacià ³n sobre: aplicaciones de visassolicitudes en embajadas y consulados de pasaportes de ciudadanos americanosinformacià ³n sobre asistencia consular recibida por ciudadanos americanos, etc. Tener en cuenta que si la informacià ³n que se solicita es sobre una persona que ha recibido una green card, la peticià ³n hay que dirigirla al USCIS, tal y como se seà ±ala ms arriba. Lo ms frecuente es solicitar informacià ³n sobre la aprobacià ³n o denegacià ³n de una visa no inmigrante. Para hacerlo se debe escribir y firmar una carta en inglà ©s que debe contener la siguiente informacià ³n: Nombre completo del solicitante, nacionalidad, domicilio actual y nà ºmero de telà ©fono.Lugar de nacimientoTipo de visa no inmigrante sobre la que se pide la informacià ³n. Estas son todas las posibles.Embajada o consulado en la que se solicità ³ la visa y la fecha ms aproximada posible en la que la visa fue aprobada o negada. Adems, debe incluirse la siguiente declaracià ³n afirmando que toda la informacià ³n es verdadera: I declare  under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America, that the foregoing is true and correct. Y enviar la carta a: Office of Information Programs and ServicesFreedom of Information ActA/GIS/IPS/RLU. S. Department of StateWashington, D. C. 20522-8100Facsimile: (202) 261-8579 Otras solicitudes de rà ©cords Bajo la FOIA, se puede solicitar informacià ³n a la Administracià ³n del Seguro Social, si bien no es gratuita. Para solicitar que se regresen documentos originales entregados a USCIS, enviar el formulario G-884, siguiendo sus instrucciones. Para solicitar copias de manifiesto de llegada anteriores a diciembre de 1982, contactar con los National Archives. Tiempo de demora en las peticiones de rà ©cord migratorio En teorà ­a, la agencia del gobierno debe responder en el plazo de 20 dà ­as. Es normal que envà ­e una carta diciendo que ha recibido la solicitud. Sin embargo, obtener una copia del rà ©cord migratorio se est demorando mucho ms tiempo. Si la peticià ³n se le hace a la Oficina Ejecutiva de Revisià ³n Migratoria, à ©sta suele enviar copia de los papeles en un plazo mximo de unos tres meses. Si la solicitud se envià ³ a la CBP, la respuesta suele llegar antes de los seis meses. Sin embargo, si se ha enviado al USCIS la espera puede llegar a alcanzar el aà ±o, incluso es posible que aà ±o y medio. En todo caso, es posible rastrear  de cualquiera las peticiones en la pgina oficial de FOIA.  ¿Es posible pedir una certificacià ³n de falta de rà ©cord? En ocasiones puede suceder que no aparece ningà ºn rà ©cord. En este caso y si fuera conveniente se puede solicitar al USCIS una certificacià ³n de falta de rà ©cord. Solicitarlo escribiendo una carta en inglà ©s con todos los datos personales necesarios a: USCIS Records Operations BranchU.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServiceATTN: Records Operation Branch1200 First Street NE MS2202Washington, D.C. 20529-2202  ¿Es posible borrar el historial de inmigracià ³n? No es posible borrar el rà ©cord migratorio. Otra cosa es que algunos errores migratorios del pasado cuando pasan cierto nà ºmero de aà ±os ya no sean importantes o tan significativos. Pero el rà ©cord migratorio no desaparece por solicitarlo, que no se puede, ni por el paso del tiempo. Un asunto diferente es borrar el rà ©cord criminal lo cual, en ocasiones, es posible solicitar. Sin embargo, incluso en esos casos, sigue teniendo la capacidad de producir efectos migratorios. 2 tips importantes antes de solicitar un rà ©cord migratorio Puede suceder que la persona interesada en obtener su propio rà ©cord de inmigracià ³n no quiera hacer la peticià ³n en persona, ya que tendrà ­a que poner su direccià ³n en el formulario de la peticià ³n. Por ejemplo, en los casos de personas indocumentadas con una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente por ejecutar. En estos casos es muy recomendable contactar con un abogado reputado de inmigracià ³n que puede hacer la solicitud empleando la direccià ³n de su despacho. Por à ºltimo, si en alguna ocasià ³n se ha utilizado un nombre falso en una visa o en otro documento migratorio o en la frontera, es conveniente tambià ©n aportarlo, para que se pueda hacer rastreo de la informacià ³n. Cabe destacar que con el empleo que las autoridades migratorias realizan de las huellas digitales y otros datos biomà ©tricos es muy posible que sepan que se trata de una à ºnica persona que ha utilizado ms de un nombre. Sin embargo, debido a que es un asunto muy delicado y que puede tener consecuencias graves se aconseja contactar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n antes de presentar una peticià ³n con ms de un nombre. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Creatine essays

Creatine essays In the last few years there has been an increase in the popularity of mono-hydrate supplements that are used by athletes. Some of the most popular of these supplements are creatine and androstenedione. They are used by some very famous athletes in professional sports. There are many problems that go along with using these supplements that are serious health-wise issues. Athletes today are not thinking of what kind effects will happen to them in the long run, when using creatine substances. They are looking for easier ways of training and enhancing their performance. They are under a lot of pressure to succeed and win all the time that it must be easier to find a short cut for gaining quick strength and a little bit of speed increase. In this paper I will tell you some of the risks that these supplements bring on you. Also I will give an overview of what both creatine and androstenedione. are. For as long as I can remember I have been involved in athletics. Being involved in hig h school basketball made me go through some tough training and conditioning. I have never had the help of any type of artificial supplement or performance-enhancing drug helping me condition or build muscles faster. However, I found out that there was couple people who were taking these supplements such as creatine and androstenedione. and getting pretty strong very fast. Creatine seemed to work good, so seeing this made me curious about what exactly creatine did to you, what the effects they had on athletes, and if they were illegal. I found out that some really famous athletes had used them. I wondered if they were safe to use and if they had any side effects. In searching on this topic of mono-hydrate supplements and performance-enhancing drugs, I had couple views about about their use by athletes. After my research was completed I have a opinion that these supplements should be banned from athletics all together. I had a couple of questions during my ...

10 Best Writing Communities You Need to Join Today - Freewrite Store

10 Best Writing Communities You Need to Join Today - Freewrite Store Back in the very early 2000s, when the internet was still young, YouTube didn’t exist, and Facebook was just a twinkle in Mark Zuckerberg’s eye, I joined a Yahoo Group for writers.  Ã‚   Why? I was writing fiction that I wanted to publish online – but first, I wanted to get it peer-reviewed. And not long after I signed up, one of the other writers reached out to me and offered to help me with my 30,000-word novella. She said she saw promise - and some things that needed fixing. I accepted her offer and began an amazing friendship that stands strong to this day.  Ã‚   It still amazes me that this stranger from across the world was willing to give up her time, for free, to help me hone my craft. It took several months of rewrites. She didn’t pull any punches with her feedback, but she was always constructive and kind, and her advice was invaluable, as was the input from the other writers after I finally reached the stage where I was happy to release my story to the wider group.   I’ve been a big fan of online writing communities ever since. If you’ve never joined one before, you might not be aware of the full range of benefits you can get by signing up.    Support   Writing is a pastime (or profession) with a unique set of challenges that only another writer can truly understand. Being part of an online community gives you the chance to interact with others who understand your struggles, frustrations and challenges, and who can offer helpful encouragement and wisdom. It provides you with a group of people with whom you can discuss and explore your ideas and your roadblocks, and who can encourage you to keep going when you’ve hit a creative brick wall.   Critique   When you’re emotionally involved in a piece of writing, it can be hard to assess it objectively. Not sure if your plot makes sense? Do your characters ring true? Are their motivations plausible? Family and friends often lack the technical ability or the courage to provide truly constructive feedback, whereas an online community provides you with a diverse group of writers with a wide range of experience who can help you gain valuable insight on your strengths and weaknesses.   Knowledge   Every writer brings something new to a community in terms of experience, genre, format, perspective, tips, processes and ideas. A writing community gives you a forum to exchange knowledge and take away the most useful tidbits to apply to your own writing. Offering to critique someone’s work can also be a valuable learning experience which gives you exposure to a plethora of writing styles. Many communities also offer their members access to learning resources.   Resilience   One of the things any writer needs to learn to deal with is criticism - no writer is going to be accepted by every publisher or enjoyed by every reader. Writing is a very personal and emotional activity, and it can be  difficult to hear negative things about your work, and scary to share it with strangers. Good writing communities will help you build your resilience to feedback by being constructive, thoughtful and helpful.   Marketing   If you’re going down the self-publishing route, you’ll need some marketing skills, and being part of an online community puts you in contact with other writers who have been there, done that, and can share what has worked for them. Most communities also have avenues through which you can promote your own books to other members.   If you’re keen to experience the support, companionship and knowledge that comes from joining an online writing community, here’s a list of the ten best groups you can join right now:   1.  Scribophile   One of the world’s largest and most active communities, Scribophile operates on a karma system, whereby you have to critique others’ work before you can submit your own. However, if you pay for premium access ($9 per month or $65 per year), you get unlimited submissions and an ad-free experience. Scribophile also offers the opportunity to compete in writing contests (for cash!). All levels of writing ability are welcomed and almost every genre covered.   2.  Insecure Writers’ Support Group   This community was created by sci-fi author Alex Cavanaugh, who realized that there were a lot of lost souls out there scouring the internet for help with their writing. Today, it has a Facebook group with over 4000 members and a mission â€Å"to share and encourage†. The community’s website boasts a wealth of information including links to writing tips, publisher lists, marketing guides and contests. There’s a weekly newsletter and even a free guide to publishing and beyond.   3.  Absolute Write Water Cooler   If you’re looking for a purely forum-style group, then Absolute Write Water Cooler is a great place to start. With almost 68,000 members at the time of writing, it’s extremely active, well moderated, and there are threads on everything from writer’s block and grammar to publishing and freelancing. Plenty of writing formats are covered including podcasts, graphic novels and scriptwriting, to name a few. There are dozens of discussions about writing-related topics to get involved in, and a section where you can find yourself a beta reader, writing buddy or mentor.    4. Chronicles   This community is the largest forum that caters specifically to science fiction and fantasy writers. Aside from the writing forums that offer workshops, critiques, challenges and resources, it’s a great place to discuss the genre as a whole. Topics cover TV and film, featured authors, the publishing industry and more.   5.  The Next Big Writer   If you’re focused on getting your work critiqued, The Next Big Writer offers an international audience of authors – many of them published – to provide you with feedback on your writing and support with every aspect of your craft. This forum isn’t free but comes with a rich list of features for the membership ($8.95 per month, $21.95 per quarter or $69.95 per year) including guaranteed feedback, unlimited posting, access to premium groups, discounts on classes and entry into site competitions.   6.  She Writes   Looking for a supportive community of female writers? She Writes might be the right one for you. It’s the largest online writing community exclusively for women. Once you’ve joined, you can follow specific groups and content topics, post your own blog and read the articles posted by other members (more than 30,000 available). She Writes also operates its own self-publishing platform, where you can invest in professional coaching, editing, e-book creation and printing.   7.  Nanowrimo   Sometimes you need a deadline to give you that extra bit of motivation. Nanowrimo stands for National November Writing Month. Started in 1999 by freelance writer Chris Baty, it’s an online novel-writing challenge held from 1–30 November every year, with the objective of writing a 50,000-word novel. The community aspect comes in the form of camaraderie across social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and you can also join theNanowrimo forums to discuss all aspects of the novel writing process and share your journey with other participants. If the timing and word count don’t suit, tryCamp Nanowrimo instead, which holds virtual writers’ retreats in April and July for projects of any format and length.   8.  Talentville   Screenwriters – this community’s especially for you. Talentville is designed to help aspiring screenwriters not only hone their craft through collaboration and education but also to build connections within the industry. With over 10,000 screenwriters and more than 200 industry professionals registered, one of Talentville’s goals is to actively promote worthy work to agents, managers and producers. Membership ranges from free (with posting limitations) to $99 per year.   9.  Agent Query Connect   If you’ve already finished your manuscript, this online social network could be your best choice. It specializes in helping you get your book published, with discussion topics and helpful resources covering everything from writing query letters and finding agents to self-publishing and promotion. You can even get your query letter peer-reviewed.   10.  Reddit   Reddit is a vast social network made up of subreddits that focus on every topic imaginable, and there are plenty of writing-related discussion boards in which you can participate. It’s free, and sometimes unmoderated, but great if you have a very niche area of interest or are looking for a large and diverse group. With almost 700,000 subscribers, r/writing is a great place to start.    BONUS: 11. Freewrite Insiders Our Freewrite Insider group has over 30,000 writers all over the world who are serious about improving their writing process.   From free resources, quality content, and exclusive discounts on the latest writing tools, this is one  email newsletter that every writer who is serious about their craft needs to be part of.  Ã‚         About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and  specialises  in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

Contested masculinities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contested masculinities - Essay Example With reference to Brett Easton Ellis’s American Psycho (1991) and Jackie Kay’s Trumpet (1998), this essay explores the multitude of expressions of masculinity within and between cultures. Contemporary theorists of masculinity have increasingly noted the idea of a post-feminist male identity (Burr 1995). There is a perceived backlash towards advances in feminism over the last quarter century that posits male identity in direct opposition to feminism. In books such as Backlash and Stiffed, Susan Faludi has identified a crisis in masculinity and a resultant wave of males attempting to reassert traditional identity constructions. She discusses ways in which men have lost significance in modern society. Writers such as Benjamin Brabon have discussed the appearance of such expressions of masculinity in cultural artifacts such as the film Falling Down, arguing that the white-male main character is acting out in the film because his previously dominate social position western society has been dislocated in the new millennium (Brabon 57). Other writers identify the normative standards that underline many expressions of male masculinity and explore the resultant backlash (Bark er 2008). These interpretations of ‘post-feminist man’ has incorporated the violent outbursts of males in contemporary society and films as extensions of phallus emasculation experienced as a result of these feminist advances. In fact, statistical research has shown that over the last twenty-year period woman are more than twice as likely to report being attacked by a significant other (Hatty 5). In terms of patriarchy, Thomas Byer argues that: Perhaps the major – function and driving force of patriarchal narrative is the attempt to re-member a masculine body whose member has been â€Å"dissed† Thus sadism and violence directed against women are not in themselves synonymous with narrative; rather they are among the most common, and most virulently misogynist,

World poverty Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

World poverty - Annotated Bibliography Example There are clear recommendations in the article that can help in combating these issues in the future. For instance, Andrew asserts that increasing literacy levels and offering employment may reduce poverty levels among the populations affected. In another perspective, the journal article addresses the impact of AIDS across the world and its effects on the international development. It further addresses how these effects have contributed to high poverty levels in the world. The journal article elaborates how AIDS impacts are experienced from a personal level, community level, household level, and international level. The article also addresses how the impacts of AIDS has resulted into high levels of mortality and increased rates of crude death. The purpose of the author in writing this journal article is to address the causes of high poverty levels as well as the suggested solutions to the same. The article asserts that the effects of AIDS on quality of education, and poor access to healthcare services are responsible for high poverty levels in the world; therefore any measures to curb this vice will automatically reduce the levels of poverty in the world. The journal article targets the whole world as the audience since poverty is a global issue. Finally, the journal article says that the increasing deaths in the population’s most productive segment impacts on both the quantity and quality of labor force, this according to Andrew is very costly to the world and results into high poverty levels. The author of the article is a specialist in world sociology; he has documented information about poverty in many other articles. His work is reliable due to the multiple other sources and references that he cited in his wor k. This source is relevant to my work as it addresses the major concerns of poverty and I will use it to highlight and cite the global poverty as a problem. According to Chartres and Varma, there is a major problem of

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol Research Paper

Implications of USA not Ratifying the Kyoto Protocol - Research Paper Example The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The main purpose of the convention was to stabilize the emission of greenhouse gases. States agreed that they would lessen the green house emissions in their countries1. It was also recognized that developed countries were responsible for emitting high amounts of green house gases. The convention did not provide any plan for action2 instead it just encouraged countries to lessen their emissions. A forum was held in Berlin that came up with the Berlin mandate, which was mainly a mandate by several countries to set policies, and measure that would see the enforcement of the targets set for reduction of greenhouse gases. A second conference3 was held in Geneva Switzerland that led to a declaration, which stated the climate change levels were alarming, and needed strong commitments that were legally binding. There was then held a third conference in Kyoto in Japan whereby countries signed the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol gave targets for greenhouse gas emissions of specific countries. The protocol provided that upon the ratification by 55 industrialized countries it would come into full effect4. What did ratification imply? Ratification meant that countries would implement the protocol within their national institutions. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement negotiated by countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto protocol is a protocol that is aimed at reducing emissions of carbon-dioxide gases and greenhouse gases. This is seen whereby the protocol sets targets for countries that emit carbon dioxide and green house gases. This carbon gases include gases such as Hydrofluorocarbons, Perflourocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide and methane. The difference that is seen in the convention and the protocol is that the protocol encouraged industrialized countries to control or otherwise stabilize their green house emissions by co mmitting such countries to do so5. The protocol states that if the participating countries continue in the emission of the green house gases they should engage in trading of emission. The protocol uses both national and international mechanisms to ensure the reduction of green house gases. When it comes to national mechanisms, the protocol encourages countries to enact laws that will enhance the purpose of the protocol and therefore reduce the emission of these gases. On international mechanisms, the protocol has come up with three mechanisms that include emission trading, clean development mechanisms and joint implementation6. The protocol Emission trading is the buying of credits from the countries that have managed to exceed the targets set for reduction in order to offset their emissions. The protocol also has several means of monitoring it targets. To begin with is the keeping of a registry whereby countries keep a registry log in the United Nations Secretariat to ensure that c ountries comply with the rules of the protocol. Secondly, a compliance mechanism ensures that countries observe their specific commitments7. There is also adaptation mechanism in the countries that are still developing in that they are provided with assistance to adapt to their climatic changes. In addition, there is

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Intercultural Management - Essay Example The world intercultural dinner is an annual framework that is meant to diversify the different aspects and cultures of different countries in the entire world, for instance, the traditions, life-styles and circumstances, social distinctions, political loyalties and the understanding of languages. The main goal of this essay is to vividly describe the international, intercultural management of some of the chosen countries within the world. The key chosen countries for this essay will be China and France. The objectivity of the intercultural dinner is to bring leaders together and instill peace in a multicultural setting to bring about a sense of belonging and oneness. This is a good platform for leaders to share their visions and to learn from others who have different perspectives, thereby facilitating the understanding of the different cultures from different countries within the world. In addition, it promotes social cohesion through the embracement of the intercultural dialogue and the understanding of the social diversity (Jacob 2003, p. 30). Therefore, the main objective of the annual intercultural dinner was to bring about a peaceful cohesion through a respectful exchange of views and ideas from different individuals from different cultures, leading to a deeper understanding of the different perspectives embraced by different communities from the entire world. Therefore, intercultural management is defined as the most effective functionality of a diverse group of people becau se of either ethnicity of or nationality. Experts on the intercultural management recommend the use of communication systems and methods, use of organizational cultures that enhances learning as well as the use of human resource management system in order to broaden the diversified field of culture (Jacob 2003, p. 35). France and China have since 1964 developed such a strong political relation, dating back from the period when France developed an official diplomatic

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics - Essay Example Intellectuals and politicians also voiced out sentiments against the monopolization of political power by a single party. In response to these issues, the president permitted greater freedom for the expression of political opposition. Some members of the RPP took advantage of this and formed the new organization, the Democratic Party. For next four years, the Democrats frequently challenged government policy and were able to attract support by proficiently utilizing the growing popular hostility with the interference of the state in peoples' lives. The state eventually underwent a peaceful transition to a multiparty. The government had undertook agricultural reforms and to improve the standard of living of the peasants. They brought in huge quantities of expensive agricultural machinery, built dams and irrigation canals and constructed a national network of highways that in general helped communication as well as unlock previously remote regions to commercial agriculture. By mid-1950s the economy began to decline and agriculture was devastated by series of droughts. In addition, they faced a problem of spending without planning and importing consumer products and expensive machinery without funds to pay for them. It created annual budget deficits that in turn amounting national debt. The Democrats faced public cr iticism. Eventually, they censor the press, imprison journalists, and shut down offending newspapers which caused violent protest. The government called upon the army to disrupt Republican Party campaign rallies to maintain law and order. However, they didn't want to be turned into a tool of political repression against the state's principle and in time, the intervened and ended the first Turkish republic. Second Intervention Turkey underwent social, economic, and demographic change. There was a rapid urbanization caused by the migration of villagers to cities in search of better economic opportunities. Social and economic transformation, for the most part with the transition from an agricultural to a mixed economy put strain to Turkey's two-party political system, the Republican and Justice. When new governments came to power, the industrialists and peasants, who prospered in the first republic, did not want to lose their status. They formed political parties to represent their particular interests in the national assembly. On the other hand, the industrial workers and university students, Marxists and Muslim revivalists, believed their needs were being ignored. They formed their own organizations and parties through which they hoped to gain a share of political power. The process of institutionalizing interest groups led to a propagation of political parties. Various smaller organizations attracted enough voters to prevent either Justice or the Republicans ahead with absolute majority. The excessive favors granted to the minorities causes social and political disorder and paralyze the legislative process. There was a wave of social unrest marked by street demonstrations,

A comparison of effects of categorized and uncategorized words on Essay

A comparison of effects of categorized and uncategorized words on memory - Essay Example This model is best illustrated by a computer system where information is received and processed variably by the brain before it is stored into memory.Atkinson and Shiffrin's "multi-store model of memory" theory posits that there are three distinct memory stores - sensory, short term, and long term. The amount of attention paid and "rehearsal" of information affects likelihood of this information passing first into short term and then into long-term memory.Sensory memory has a very limited duration of about a second for visual store and two seconds for the acoustic store. Short term memory also has a limited storage capacity and a very short duration and can be lost through decay or displacement as new information is added to the store. Organizing information in short term memory through "chunking" enables it to pass into long term memory. These chunks can be acronyms, words, phrases, or anything else that links the information together into a meaningful structure. By chunking informa tion, a much greater quantity can be stored. Memory can decay over time, or there can be problems of retrieval, where the memory is there but cannot be recalled. Information in long term memory is more likely to be in the form of semantics, organized by general meaning rather than in greater detail. In a study by Tulving and Pearlstone (1966), participants' recall of word lists of 12, 24, and 48 words in categories of 1, 2, or 4 words was tested. The answer sheets were used with and without category headings to measure the effects of categorization on recall. Participants showed a significant increase in words recalled when the category headings were present on the answer sheet. This study shows that organizing information in memory increases the amount of recall. Objective of the Study Generally, the study's aim was to approximate studies [such as that of Tulving and Pearlstone (1966)] to determine whether word categorization could increase the number of words recalled from a prepared word list. In more specific point of view, the study is aimed at: 1. Identifying the factors that could help people recall more numbers of words 2. Assess which among the given factors (as stated in the first specific objective) is better be applied to specific age range of the people 3. Evaluate if there could be a difference to the number of words recall if the subjects are of different gender, social status and level of education earned. Hypotheses The null hypothesis supposes that any variation in the number of words recalled between the categorised and uncategorised word lists will be due to chance factors. The alternative hypothesis assumes that there will be a significant difference in the number of words recalled between the categorised and uncategorised word lists such that the number of words recalled from the former will be higher. Methodology Research Design The experimental method was used to try and establish a causal relationship.A repeated measures design was utilized to limit the number of participants required and to reduce participant variables. To minimize order effects, counterbalancing was used, with half the participants hearing the uncategorized list first and the remaining half hearing the categorized list followed by the uncategorized list. Participants The study was participated in by close

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military Intervention in Turkish Politics - Essay Example Intellectuals and politicians also voiced out sentiments against the monopolization of political power by a single party. In response to these issues, the president permitted greater freedom for the expression of political opposition. Some members of the RPP took advantage of this and formed the new organization, the Democratic Party. For next four years, the Democrats frequently challenged government policy and were able to attract support by proficiently utilizing the growing popular hostility with the interference of the state in peoples' lives. The state eventually underwent a peaceful transition to a multiparty. The government had undertook agricultural reforms and to improve the standard of living of the peasants. They brought in huge quantities of expensive agricultural machinery, built dams and irrigation canals and constructed a national network of highways that in general helped communication as well as unlock previously remote regions to commercial agriculture. By mid-1950s the economy began to decline and agriculture was devastated by series of droughts. In addition, they faced a problem of spending without planning and importing consumer products and expensive machinery without funds to pay for them. It created annual budget deficits that in turn amounting national debt. The Democrats faced public cr iticism. Eventually, they censor the press, imprison journalists, and shut down offending newspapers which caused violent protest. The government called upon the army to disrupt Republican Party campaign rallies to maintain law and order. However, they didn't want to be turned into a tool of political repression against the state's principle and in time, the intervened and ended the first Turkish republic. Second Intervention Turkey underwent social, economic, and demographic change. There was a rapid urbanization caused by the migration of villagers to cities in search of better economic opportunities. Social and economic transformation, for the most part with the transition from an agricultural to a mixed economy put strain to Turkey's two-party political system, the Republican and Justice. When new governments came to power, the industrialists and peasants, who prospered in the first republic, did not want to lose their status. They formed political parties to represent their particular interests in the national assembly. On the other hand, the industrial workers and university students, Marxists and Muslim revivalists, believed their needs were being ignored. They formed their own organizations and parties through which they hoped to gain a share of political power. The process of institutionalizing interest groups led to a propagation of political parties. Various smaller organizations attracted enough voters to prevent either Justice or the Republicans ahead with absolute majority. The excessive favors granted to the minorities causes social and political disorder and paralyze the legislative process. There was a wave of social unrest marked by street demonstrations,

The Globalization of Health Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Globalization of Health Care - Case Study Example The beneficiaries of globalization of health care include the hospital in the host countries, which are mainly countries undergoing development. Patients also benefit from globalization since they can access quality healthcare at low cost. The loser are the mother countries, which are mainly the developed countries such as U.S. that train most of the medical personnel who end up working elsewhere. Moreover, the service is paid for at the place of delivery and countries like U.S. are losing greatly due to the large number of people seeking treatment elsewhere (Deloitte 1-2). There are risks associated with health care globalization. One risk is that professionals are increasingly moving from poorer countries resulting in shortage of care providers in poor countries. Resolving this issue would be hard since the professional cannot be prevented from seeking better payments. Accountability of healthcare providers might be reduced since medical ethics vary across nations. This can be dealt with through introduction of some international ethics to guide health professionals. On balance globalization of healthcare is god since it has enhanced care provision and ensured that the less advantaged can access quality care at a cost they can afford to pay. Moreover, it has reduced the burden of care provision in countries lacking enough

Product Placement On Tv Marketing Essay

Product Placement On Tv Marketing Essay Product placement is a promotional tactic used by business to advertise there products. Business pay a fee or provide there services in exchange for there products to be displayed/featured into content such as movies and TV shows. The use of product placement has both a negative (con) and positive (pro) impact on consumers. For example, the cons regarding the issue include that product placement invade the content space, builds expectation on what product individuals should buy, removes creativity from the program and adds more editorial review, effects consumer choice and sheds false light on products. However, in the majority of cases product placement can have a beneficial effect on consumers. Product placement pays for content, provides more realism to the movie (instead of a plain label, it says coke), eliminates the need for commercials and introduces new products in an entertaining way. Ethical code of product placement is a very complicated topic. A lot of elder people consider product placement to be not ethical and unfair, because the product is not advertised directly and the audience is not notifies about the fact of advertising. The issue of Product placement could have been introduced because of the worlds evolving technology. Advances in technology (remote controls, DVDS and TiVO) have made it increasingly easier for consumers to avoid traditional advertising messages. On TiVO you can fast-forward past commercials, and the use of the remote controls has allowed viewers the ability to change the channel at the sight of a commercial. This would ultimately mean that the use of this advertising medium would be unnecessary, and promotion wise would not benefit the business. As a result, brands would have had to find an alternative way to attract consumer attention. Additionally, the issue of product placement could have also been introduced because it can be seen that what the media tells us is what is popular, and products which are being promoted by celebrities are more likely to become popular. Therefore, businesses utilize this idea and each appearance of a leading brand reaffirms a products star-status an d helps maintain its leadership image. Furthermore, some examples of the success of product placement include: There are numerous solutions to the issue of product placement on TV. If consumers find product placement discouraging to children especially when junk food is being promoted-businesses could encourage young people and their families to eat healthier foods and be more active in order to support their well-being. This strategy will earn the respect of customers, as well as benefiting the business financially. Additionally, companies should not direct advertising at children but encourage healthier dietary choices, and that while this is a step in the right direction, consumers need to manage what there children are watching. Businesses can not be accounted for what parents allow there children to watch. Another solution, because product promotion is a debatable subject, is to let consumers find it difficult to disagree or agree on whether they want to watch product promotion. Different consumers have different views on product promotion and in-order to have a favorable result on both a business and consumer level, they must communicate. A step in the right direction would be stating whether the program contains product promotion (in print). Then, Consumers can decide whether they wish to watch the program. Furthermore, Product promotion is not necessarily a big issue and most consumers enjoy the realism that the products add to the movie. The only real issue is when smoking, alcohol, drugs and unhealthy food are glamorized and made to look acceptable. This type of promotion should be banned. It may not prove favorable for the business, but once consumers recognize that the company respects there health and wellbeing, they will trust businesses and ultimately the business will benefit. Furthermore, business should only advertise what is Good. placement will be allowed in films, drama, sports and light entertainment programming, but will still be monitored, and restricted for certain types of programming, such as childrens shows, and public service television. The issue I have chosen is unhealthy food sold and directed to children. Junk food advertising is a kind of product marketing which works by bombarding children with ads for drinks and foods of dubious nutritional value, full of sugar and fat. Products may be marketed to kids through promotions (e.g. Celebrity endorsements and the use of cartoon characters), price (Cheaper prices to make them more appealing to young people), place (school canteens and vending machines and incorporating packaging which is appealing to young people. This type of marketing has a negative effect on children, as Food advertising directly influences childrens choices and increases their requests of unhealthy foods. Additionally unhealthy food sold and directed to children impacts on the quality of childrens diets and can ultimately affect their weight. Furthermore, once food advertising has influenced the choices of children, health issues such as obesity, heart attacks and cholesterol may result. However, Food advertising is a necessary revenue stream without ad revenues from food companies, TV channels couldnt afford to make kids programming. This would have a negative effect on consumers (kids would suffer). There are numerous reasons why unhealthy food sold and directed to children has become such a serious issue in todays growing society. The main reason why unhealthy food sold and directed to children has become an issue is due to Money. The snack food industry in market-driven societies such as Australia generates billions of dollars in revenue each year. The market for processed snack foods is enormous, and a number of large corporations compete rigorously to capture larger shares of the snack food industry. This type of competition would mean that there would be a greater proportion of business competing thus the amount of food being advertised would would reach peaks causing an even bigger issue. Furthermore, the different advertising medians have developed over the past years; children were only commonly exposed to promotion of unhealthy foods only through television advertising. However, now children are exposed to Promotions including premium offers, celebrity endorsements, the use of cartoon characters, health and nutrient claims, product placements Sponsoring TV programs, sporting events, fundraisers and establishing or donating money to charity. Additionally, the kids whose parents who do not monitor and encourage their kids to eat healthy foods are more susceptible to these types of advertisements, and these children grow up to like the taste of the additives, and preservatives and ultimately influence there purchases as future adult customers. Solutions to unhealthy food sold and directed to children. Children and young people are particularly susceptible to the power of brands and advertising. Selling and Advertising unhealthy food is socially damaging and has a negative influence on our well-being. If business can advocate healthy eating, and can promote protecting the well-being of children and young people then consumers can feel more reliant on trusting businesses, likewise this strategy can be seen as a marketing campaign, and a way of promoting the business. This will have favorable results both ways. The amount junk food advertising should be limited. While an advertising ban alone will not eliminate the problem of obesity its a sensible first step that has the support of health experts, including doctors, community groups and, most importantly, parents. Furthermore, if business whish to continue advertising, then instead of offering toys when purchasing a meal, they could offer a choice of yogurt, fruit cup etc. In conclusion, parents should teach kids to discern what is marketing and what isnt, Limit the hours kids spend watching TV, and encourage their kids to eat healthy foods. If kids are taught in there early stages of life then they will not purchase junk food in the first place. Education is the key. If the media has proven to migrate decisions about health to children and adolescents, then business can use this to there advantage. Business can promote contributing to some of the negative affects which impact children and adolescents. You dont really come to this realization until your own children are in school. One step at a time, wake county schools in the elementary grades has removed soda and junk food machines and offers at least one piece of fruit on their lunch menu. Only teachers lounges have those machines in some schools, not that it is much better because they should be an example to the students.

explain what Prometheus means by freedom and why he values it :: essays research papers

Prometheus says that â€Å"to be free, a man must be free of his brothers.† By reference to the story, explain what Prometheus means by freedom and why he values it. In what significant ways is freedom non-existent in the society from which he escapes – and what are the consequences of that lack of freedom?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ayn Rand’s Anthem, Prometheus says that â€Å"to be free, a man must be free of his brothers.† Freedom is a concept totally forbidden in the society in Anthem. Prometheus is given consequences for acting free. The society sees anything different as being a transgression. Maybe, since Prometheus was taller than normal, He thought of things differently. What does Prometheus mean by the word â€Å"freedom?† He means being an individual, and relying on oneself to think and do. He sees freedom as a great thing but knows it is a transgression. He asks himself and wonders why, even though it is a transgression to think by ones self. Freedom as Prometheus sees it, is like when he creates his invention by himself, or when he talks to the â€Å"Golden One† and they exchange names for eachother. When he runs away to the unchartered forest he feels happy and doesn’t know what to do when he wakes up that first day. In Ayn Rand’s Anthem freedom is non existent. People’s actions must involve the society. People are not allowed to think for themselves. To act on your own would be a great transgression. Equality, secretly, works on his invention, knowing, of course, that if caught he and his invention would be destroyed. Freedom in this society is, although forbidden, is like being an individual. This is what Prometheus likes about the â€Å"Golden One,† the fact that she is like an individual. The lack of freedom in this society causes Prometheus to do what he does. It gives Prometheus problems, for example, throughout his life he was treated differently b/c he was tall. In this society being tall was a transgression b/c it was different and they didn’t like that. The consequences of being different were great. He is punished for working on his invention, not b/c it was a bad idea, but b/c the members of the Council of Scholars thought that he had â€Å"dared †¦ to think that his mind held greater wisdom than the minds of his brothers.

Cereal:The Manufacturing Industry :: essays research papers fc

Cereal: The Manufacturing Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday, more than eighty million Americans have some type of cereal for breakfast. Cereal is one of the most popular breakfast foods and some brand is found in almost every home in America (Topher). This vast industry stems from the late 1800s when John Harvey Kellogg and C. W. Post began cereal production in Battle Creek, Michigan (Topher). Today, numerous types and varieties of cereal line the grocery store shelves. However, only a few select companies make every one of those different kinds of cereal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are four different categories into which economists classify industries. These categories are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each of these four categories has its own unique characteristics. Perfect competition has an unlimited number of firms, while a monopoly has one single firm, and an oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The demand curve of an oligopoly depends on how firms choose to deal with their interdependence with the other firms in the industry. A firm within an oligopoly market can choose to cooperate with other firms in the industry, which is illegal, or the firm can choose to compete against the other firms. An oligopoly produces either differentiated products or homogenous products. In an oligopolistic market, entry barriers, which prohibit new firms from entering the industry, are present. Examples of entry barriers include patents, brand loyalty and trademarks. Long-run econom ic profits are possible for an oligopoly, and non-price competition is a significant way to compete with other firms in the same market. Most of the non-price competition in an oligopoly comes from product differentiation. The cereal manufacturing industry is an oligopolistic market because it exhibits many of these traits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An oligopoly consists of a small number of interdependent firms. The cereal manufacturing industry consists of four different firms that control almost all of the market. These companies are Quaker Oats, Kellogg, Kraft Foods, and General Mills (Lazich 68). In 2001, General Mills and Kellogg led the industry with a market share of 32.2 and 30.7 percent, respectively (68). Kraft Foods had a market share of 16.3 percent and Quaker Oats had a market share of 19.0 percent (68). The remaining 11.8 percent of the market share was held by other firms (68). In 2002, Kellogg took the lead with 32.7 percent followed by General Mills with a 31.8 percent market share (Reyes).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An oligopoly consists of either differentiated or homogenous products.

A Review of the Research Study

The study is a mixed theoretical-empirical study regarding bystander intervention. It is theoretical in the sense that it applies known concepts of the bystander effect and helping mechanisms.It is however dominantly empirical since it bases its findings and method on observations of actual circumstances. It attempts to reproduce actual situations through a controlled experimental environment wherein limited variables are introduced and measured by the researchers.The experiment presumes to manifest high external validity in the sense that the situation presented could likely occur in actual real-life scenarios. Even the theory behind the research has been observed to happen in actual crimes or situations. In fact, this same research resulted from a crime effected in New York wherein witnesses failed to give aid to the victim.Thus, if variables were adequately isolated and conclusions logically inferred, the results of such experiment would be highly valid externally. The problem her ein lies in the low levels of construct validity. Albeit the generalizability of the theories in question, it is questionable whether the appropriate instruments of measurement were in place.The results of the experiment discussed the effect of group number, sex, and educational background on bystander intervention. However only one of these factors was adequately represented, that of group number. Bystander intervention was in practice representative only of the presence of unobservable or unperceived bystanders, as differentiated in the study’s literature.The effect of bystander presence with regard to perceived and observable bystanders could not have been measured by the researchers as all the bystanders they had planted in the experiment with the participant were unobservable, as they were supposedly in different rooms.The factor sex was discussed whenever the participant’s sex was different from that of the perceived group member or members, particularly the diff erence when there was a potential male volunteer in the group. However, the research design shows a large inequality in the number of male and female participants. Further, the research shown to back up the discussion had not been previously discussed to ground the relevance of the effect of sex in helping as to that of the actual study.In other words, there was no previous discussion as to the intent of the researchers to measure such factor, giving the impression that the discussion was inserted only after the results of the experiment had come in – an unreliable and bias-prone practice in research. Further, the factor regarding the medical background of a potential volunteer and other group member was likewise not discussed until the results portion of the paper.The failure to distribute this factor to the three observed group sizes may also have presented disparity in the data gathered. There was also a lengthy discussion in the results regarding the avoidant-avoidant nat ure of the conflict that emerged in participants who did not intervene in the emergency presented. This is highly speculative in nature and is largely unsupported by self-reports presented in the research paper. In fact, there wasn’t even any previous research presented to ground the arguments made.There seems to be high internal validity as the research adequately described the means of measuring intervention and gave data and computations regarding the measurements obtained. There was also adequate presentation of the commutations of the participation of the respondents.Further, there was also a note regarding participants who had been dropped and for what reason this had been done.   Despite what would have been expected given the high external validity of the concept being studied, the results of this experiment show low external validity. The situation presented shows a bystander who has previous knowledge regarding the situation of the victim of the emergency.The byst ander thus has knowledge of the nature of the emergency and the cause of the same. Furthermore, the previous rounds of discussion that the participants had engaged in regarding their college experiences establishes a semblance of relationship between them. The mere fact that they are in the same research environment for a psychological experiment already creates a level of relation between the participant and the victim.This may not be and often is not the case with actual situations wherein the bystander effect is observed. In many of these situations the participant is not related to the victim and there is no knowledge regarding the situation unfolding – except for certain circumstances where the extremist nature of the emergency could not be mistaken for any other situation. Overall, the research proves to be high in internal validity, low in construct validity, and low in external validity.Based on existing literature regarding this topic, the research presented informat ion consistent with findings of other researchers. An increase in group size has been found to have a minimizing effect on bystander intervention.The findings, such as in the murder case presented as the ratio for the research in question, display this finding in practice. It   should be bourne in mind however that in spite of the correct conclusion of the research hypothesis, the other results should not be taken at face value, nor should the procedure employed by the researchers by reproduced without thorough analysis of the accurate representation of variables.ReferenceDarley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4), 377-383.

Causes of the black death

There are several reasons as to why the Romans chose London as a settlement these include land, the Romans were excellent constructors therefore they needed a large amount of land to build their Empire. Another reason was that they noticed a river (now known as the River Thames). The Romans realised that this river could be extremely useful in many ways such as water for growth and survival, transport to get from one location to another and for trade, with the river ships from all over the world would be able to access this point to trade a variety of things for instance silver to make jewellery and coins, wool to make clothes, they also imported silk from China to decorate clothing and many more. By importing merchandise from other countries the Romans were able to raise their standards of living and have many luxuries. In approximately 50AD the Romans named London ‘Londinium'. Londinium was crowned capital of England there were two main reasons for this since the River Thames was in London for trades still coming in, and because they had a strong defence in Londinium as they settled in the north bank of the River Thames where two hills protected them which gave them better possibilities in war. It was essential for the Romans to have a brilliant defence because there were still Celtics roaming around who were always trying to win back land with brutal force such as the attack of Queen Boudicca in 61 AD who burnt Londinium to the ground she was described as: â€Å"Very tall, the glance of her eye most fierce; her voice harsh. A great mass of the reddest hair fell down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying.† By the 1300s London's population had grown to 80,000 many things had changed London was a progressing city. In the 1300s there were a variety reasons people decided to settle in London. London was an improving city with many attractive buildings, there were lots of occupation available for all such as farming, tannery working, fishing and more, for entertainment there were hundreds of theatres to visit, there were countless number of Cathedrals to visit and London had easy transport because of the River Thames along with the London Bridge. Medieval London was made up of narrow and twisted streets, and the majority of buildings were made from very flammable materials such as wood and straw, which made fire a constant threat. Hygiene in London was awfully poor people weren't conscious about their health they got rid of rubbish anyhow they threw out their waste without caring where it fell. The houses would have had none of the things we accept as normal today – no running water, no toilets, no baths and washing basins. Soap was unheard of and as was shampoo. People would have been covered with dirt, fleas and lice. Beds were simply straw stuffed mattresses and these would have attracted lice, fleas and all types of bugs. Bathing would be rare even for the rich, rich people might have had a bath a few times a year! Your toilet would have been a wooden bucket which would have been emptied into the nearest river at the start of the day your water supply would also come from the same river. Families would have cooked and slept in the same room. Children would have slept in a loft if the cruck house was big enough. At night, any animal you owned would be brought inside for safety. There were a number of reasons for this. First, wild animals roamed the countryside. England still had wolves and bears in the forests and these could easily have taken a pig, cow or chickens. The loss of any animal could be a disaster but the loss of valuable animals such as an ox would be a catastrophe. If left outside at night they could also have been stolen or simply have wandered off. If they were inside your house, none of these would happen and they were safe. However, they must have made the house even more dirty than it usually would have been as none of these animals would have been house-trained. They would have also brought in fleas and flies etc. increasing the unhygienic nature of the house. Some of the settlement factors people would look for in the fourteenth century were high-quality occupation offered for all such as such as bakery, leatherworking, blacksmithing, carpenters, armourers, bowyers/fletchers and swordsmithing. People chose places which looked eye-catching and there was an enjoyable place to visit and People would want better and improved transport as well as brilliant security and fair laws. The Black Death started in Europe when the Genoese decided to escape the plague by fleeing from Caffa (where the Black Death originated from). The Genoese boarded their ships and set sail for Italy carrying rats, flees and the Black Death with them. The Black Death transmitted when a flea drank a rat's blood that carried the yersina pestis (plague germs). The yersina pestis would multiply until the flea's gut was clogged with it. The flea would then bite a human ejecting the rat's blood into the open wound the human would then be infected. This cycle carried on until the lives of 50 million people were taken from them in Europe wiping out half of London's population. It is said that the that the It was simple for the Black Death to spread in London since Hygiene in London was awfully poor as shown in the fourth paragraph there was a lot of congestion because London was dreadfully overpopulated and houses were still being developed people would cook, eat, sleep and go to the toilet in the same room which meant a lot of germs. In conclusion I think that the settlement of London did help the plague to spread in the 1300s because of various reasons including many of the reasons shown above mainly since the type of people that who settled there, and the fact that they had no sewage for their waste to go to. But I think that if the people not just in London but all around the world were more alert and aware of germs and hygiene then the Black Death would never have started.