African Americans and Medicine: from Slavery to Modern Times

African Americans and Medicine: From Slavery to Modern Times Imagine being sick, but never going to a doctor because you knew they would do bad things to you, make you sicker, or even kill you. When we see doctors, we are trusting them to make the best decisions to help us. However, there was a time when doctors committed the most heinous acts against those who needed them. African American’s have been used for unethical studies and cases since the time of slavery.Some were used against their will, while others were taken advantage of by the people who were supposed to take care of them. The earlier cases of this inhumane treatment were scarcely documented, but through tales and word of mouth were passed from generation to generation. African Americans never forgot what happened to their ancestors or what could still possibly happen to them and as a result lead to the mentality that they should stay away from hospitals and doctors, furthermore creating a culture of fear surrou nding institutional medicine.Unfair treatment of African Americans started during the time of slavery. In Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, author Katherine Bankole describes the mentality of whites and white slave owners which dictated the treatment of slaves medically. Bankole says, â€Å"The three main areas of enslavement and medicine in the antebellum period are: theory, management, and experimentation† (Bankole 8), doctors theorized that the biology of Africans was innately inferior to that of the white race.The second area, management, involved â€Å"general health, disease, diet/nutrition, clothing, mortality, and the medical costs incurred by slaveowners. † (Bankole 8) Medical management was the most important factor that determined the success of a slave owners land. The healthier a slave was, the more he could work and produce a profit for the slave owner. This meant health care was provided at a lower cost to t hose who owned slaves. Through this management came the development of medical and scientific journals as well as pamphlets and almanacs.The last area discussed was experimentation. Records show documented cases of surgeries and experimental treatment and procedures. The cases show how doctors built their careers using slaves as their subjects. Slaves were used in painful surgeries against their will. Consent only needed to be given by the slave owner. A slave could receive treatment if the slave owner found it cost effective to the value of the slave. Bankole also notes, â€Å"Often slave owners equate the care they provided to enslaved Africans to the care provided to horses or other farm/plantation animals†(Bankole 28).Although it is not completely certain how slaves felt about their medical treatment, due to the fact no documentation was taken from them on this subject, through stories and folklore there is an indication that â€Å"some Africans expressed a significant f ear of doctors and hospitals† (Bankole 20) . The legends indicate stories of Night Doctors, who were said to have paid slaves to dig up newly buried bodies. African Americans played the largest role in medical advancements.In The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and Demonstration in the Old South, Todd Savitt explains how â€Å"southern white medical educators and researchers relied greatly on the availability of Negro patients for various purposes. Black bodies often found their way to dissecting tables, operating amphitheatres, classroom or beside demonstrations, and experimental facilities. † (Savitt 331). Though poor whites as well as European immigrants were plentiful in the northern cities of the south, blacks were easier targets because they were a voiceless people in a racially divided society.During this time bodies were greatly needed for teaching purposes. â€Å"Students had to learn anatomy, recognize and diagnose diseases, and treat conditions req uiring surgery; researchers had to try out their ideas and new techniques; and practitioners had to perform autopsies to confirm their diagnoses to understand the effects of diseases on the human body. † (Savitt 332). When the French school of hospital medicine reached America in the early 19th century, the need for human specimens became more necessary, so medical schools wanted to meet these demands for their student’s education.Colleges opened clinics as well as infirmaries to further assist students. Since most patients did not want to participate in studies, these institutions became reliant on poor and enslaved citizens. Savitt goes on to say, â€Å"Neither whites nor blacks held hospitals in high esteem during the antebellum period. Not only did patients object to having medical students and doctors touching and poking them and discussing their illnesses and the merits or problems of particular modes of treatment in their presence, but they also feared that expe riments might be performed on them and that they would be permitted to so autopsies could be undertaken. (Savitt 336). References of night doctors are again seen here where Savitt notes, â€Å"Black fear of medical schools and dissection inevitably carried over into the postbellum period, when whites, as a mean of maintaining control over freedmen, reinforced the idea of ‘night doctors’ who stole, killed, and then dissected blacks† (Savitt 340). My final thought from Savitt comes from Southern medical schools boasting about their large supplies of blacks for study material. Even after their schooling, white physicians maintained the idea of the usefulness of African Americans.African Americans continued to be used for new techniques or treatments, and doctors did not fear consequences as long as death or permanent injury did not result. â€Å"Blacks, therefore, did have reason for fearing misuse at the hands of southern white physicians. † (Savitt 341). Mu ch advancement was made in medicine as a result of experimentation. Certain doctors received their fame off the unethical treatments of slaves and African American patients. Dr. J. Marion Sims was an American surgeon who became credited with developing the area of gynecology, and has even been called, â€Å"The Father of Gynecology. Sims used enslaved women to try to discover a cure for the disease vesico-vaginal fistula. During Sims time, the practice of gynecology did not exist and obstetrics as well as child delivery were taught with dummies. Because enslaved women were poor, and lacked proper nutrition as well as prenatal care, they were at higher risk for developing VVF. After Sims graduated he became interested in surgery and began conducting experiments on enslaved women which resulted in the perfection of a certain surgical technique to repair the fistula.This was not Sims initial objective, but after looking after a patient one day who had fallen from a horse and had pain her pelvic area he discovered a way to better see inside the vagina which made him feel more confident in his ability to perform surgery on women with VVF. Sims used 7 enslaved women as his subjects so their consent was not necessary. His first patient was a woman named Lucy, and Sims was so sure he had discovered the proper technique for surgery he invited local doctors to come watch the surgery. Lucy had to stay in a position where she was on her knees and elbows with everyone watching, and she was not given anesthetics.Lucy was in horrible pain during and after the surgery and nearly lost her life from a blood infection she developed as a result of Sims’ experimentation. It took Sims four years to finally perfect his surgery and cure women of this disease. His first success was on a woman named Anarcha who had already received thirteen operations, all without the use of anesthetics. White women began coming to Sims after they heard of his success, but none of them could en dure the pain of surgery. Among the list of unethical experiments done to African Americans, one of the most famous was the Tuskegee Study.Syphilis was a huge concern during the 1930’s in America, but not much was known at the time of the effects of advanced syphilis. The study was conducted by investigators from the United States Public Health Service on 400 African American men from Macon County, Alabama. The study was meant to last from six months to a year, but the investigators knew that the most important information would come only after the men were dead. In Experimentation on Human Beings, Susan Lederer describes the men used for the study: â€Å"The men recruited into this study were impoverished individuals; many had never seen a doctor in their entire lives† (Lederer 21).The investigators would deceive the men by offering free treatment and perform spinal punctures collecting fluid, telling them this was a treatment for the condition. The investigators want ed to make sure the men would go on not receiving treatment so they would keep them from being enlisted in military service, during World War II, because once in the military they would receive mandatory syphilis treatment. The Center for Disease control held a meeting in 1969 to discuss whether the study should continue or not. Only one professor protested the study saying the men should be receiving treatment.It was only three years later when reports of the study flooded through American media, and Americans were shocked and disgusted in the governments treatment of these vulnerable subjects that the study was closed in 1972. In light of the study as well as other unethical studies at that time, Congress adopted the National Research Act in 1974. This act required that the people must give a written consent before partaking in studies. Given the history of medical experimentation of African Americans, one is left to wonder if it has had an effect on the modern day perspective of the African American and medicine.A study conducted in 2006 by doctors, Elizabeth Jacobs, Italia Rolle, Carol Estwing Ferrans, Eric Whitaker, and Richard Warnecke, to see what trust or distrust of physicians means to African Americans. They found that the African Americans they tested had more trust based on the â€Å"interpersonal and technical competence of physicians. † While distrust stemmed from â€Å"lack of interpersonal and technical competence, perceived quest for profit and expectations of racism and experimentation during routine provision of health care. If patients felt their physician was untrustworthy they would either keep information to themselves or lie about their medical history, change doctors, or even refuse to seek medical care. Multiple studies have shown that African Americans are more likely to distrust physicians than Caucasian Americans. One of the female patients in the study was quoted saying, â€Å"Over my period of time dealing with the medic al field, I know that you do need a hell of a lot of trust in the physicians or the medical field and the institutions. The patient goes on to say, â€Å"But I don't know how most people are, but it reminds me of the Tuskegee Institute where they messed around and they made the brothers have the disease instead of treating them they just wanted to see how it was going to affect them. So maybe sometimes you go instead of getting treated they just want to see what it’s going to do to you and they'll try this and try that and they may give you a sugar pill. Because it’s not like they haven't seen anyone dead before so the only time they get affected [by dead people] is when it’s personal. So that's why a lot of people have mistrust. (Jacobs et al) Although there have been great medical discoveries made over the last two centuries in American medicine, the cost of these discoveries has been paid by the lives of individuals who were or deceived into partaking in the se experiments. As a result, centuries later, there is still concern as to whether or not physicians are to be trusted to ethically perform their duties on patients. We owe so much of what has been established in the field of medicine to the slaves in America. Their pain and suffering paved the road to medical advancements, and their sacrifices need to be recognized as well as praised.

Rosa Lee Story

The Rosa lee story Rosa Lee gave dash full access to her and her family life for four years, because she thought someone could learn from it. Rosa was born in Washington and was living a low class life, and often looked down up on for it . Rosa lee was brought up in a single parent house hold and when she entered jr. high her dad died. Rosa mom often struggled to take care of her and her siblings. Her mother gave birth to twenty-two kids, but only eleven survived. Rosa and her mom never saw eye to eye and when she got pregnant at the age of thirteen it didn’t make their relationship any better.At the age of fourteen she had her first prostitution experience for five dollars, she told her customers at work that if they were going to have sex with her, they had to pay because she had eight kids at home. After Rosa third child she married into an abusive relationship with a man who was twenty one which made her sixteen she couldn’t take anymore so she moved back in with he r mom. Rosa and her mom relationship was filled with conflict. At a very young age Rosa started stealing from people. She stole to basically buy her some friends, she would take her friends to the movies and buy them candy.At the age of twenty Rosa had moved to the North East with her six kids and was on welfare by the time she was twenty one she had two more kids. Rosa just wanted to make sure her family was ok and that they had some of the things they needed. Rosa also did other jobs that paid under the table so she could still get her welfare check. So she became a dancer at night clubs and got paid for sex. Being brought up in a neighborhood like Rosa had several down falls. Her and her sibling didn’t really have anyone to motivate them to do the right thing. The girls were supposed to be domestic but Rosa rebelled against it.Rosa started selling drugs in the seventies and in fifteen years she was in jail a dozen times. Until Rosa was twenty-nine she got away with stealin g, she tried to steal a fur coat and had to do eight months in jail. Most of Rosa lee brother and sisters made it out of poverty and became middle class. They had honest jobs like bus driving and had their own cab services. Her brother and sister choose a different path because they seen and knew the struggle that their mom and sister Rosa had to deal with. Seeing Rosa life its self made you want to do right.Eight kids, having to steal, selling and using drugs and being back and forth in jail made you want to do right. Rosa didn’t start selling drugs with the intent to use them, it just happened, she thought selling marijuana and heroin was a quick way to get money and keep her welfare, but when she started she couldn’t quit she was using two fourty dollar bags a day. She said that when she used the drug it gave her courage. Rosa could do and say anything when she was high. Rosa and her siblings used drugs and broke the law because they were not taught any right from w rong .They had such a rough childhood and at this time they didn’t know any better, they were young when they started. Even Rosa kids started taking different paths at very young ages. They didn’t go to school because she didn’t make them. Rosa did drugs in front of her kids and it made them want it. Her one and only daughter Patty started using drugs at the age of thirteen and was rapped several times by relatives while Rosa was incarcerated, which is why she said she hated males and on top of that she was prostituted by her mom.Her son Ronnie started using drugs at the age of fifteen, she told him if he wanted to drugs he had to support his own habit, so he started selling marijuana with his mom. Her oldest son Bobby died of aids cause they all shared needles. At a very young age Rosa stopped going to church and didn’t start going back until she was about forty. She didn’t seek for religious ways to help her in her situation she thought that what she was doing was right for her and her kids.Even with Rosa taking the path she did she could have taught her kids the right from wrong. I think that Rosa had a choice to do well she just choose a different path. She lived in a single parent household, where drugs were being sold and welfare was the way to live. She wasn’t getting the attention that she needed so she explored and ended up finding out the hard way that wasn’t the life she wanted to live. If Rosa stayed in school and maybe had a better a male figure in her life she probably wouldn’t have been in all the trouble she was in.

Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes

Today's policymakers must see past Alan Greenspan's misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes of the extraordinary grown of the U. S. ‘s account deficit. According to Greenspan, high rates of saving abroad led to increased consumption in the U. S. An alternative view to the cause of the growth in the deficit is that increased globilization made trade between richer countries and poor countries possible. Rich countries began to buy cheaper goods in poor countries, and poor countries continued to buy their own domestic goods because they were cheaper than those abroad.As a result, the U. S. deficit, which was balanced in 1991, rose to $850 billion in 2006. With the increased trade effects of globilization taking place, the central banks of countries which had a surplus prevented their currencies from appreciating by printing their own currencies and buying thousands of billions of dollars to sustain their competitive advantage. Greenspan argues that no real harm believe that no real harm has been done by these trade imbalances, and that rising debt and progress go hand-in-hand. It seems more likely that the rise of the U. S.Deficit and the paper money creation have generated an economic bubble around the world that is close to imploding. In order to stave off a complete systemic meltdown, the central banks of Europe, the U. S. , and the U. K. have injected billions into the credit markets. The Federal Reserve has been prompted to issue a round of aggressive rate cuts. U. S. lenders have expanded their balance sheets at an unprecedented pace, and the U. S. government is currently rushing through a $150 billion emergency stimulus package in an effort to prevent a world recession. Overall, it seems that Greenspan has confused cause with effect.

Business Research Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Business Research Analysis - Essay Example However, due to an increase in the intensity of competition within the tourism industry, it is essential to look into the level of customer satisfaction. In order to carry out the same the study has used a questionnaire survey among the existing customers of the company. The questionnaire is described below in the appendix section of the project (Questionnaire Appendix 1.) PART I (b) Distribution Method and Associated Documents As mentioned above, the study intends to examine the level of customer satisfaction among the existing customers of the company. In order to do so, a questionnaire survey will be used by the company. However, only the development of questionnaire will not serve the purpose it needs to be distributed properly so as to ensure higher response rate. Presently the company has 3200 registered customers in the data base. Among the total numbers of customers around 20% i.e. 640 customers will be contacted by post. The remaining 80% of the customers will be approached via e-mail. The respondents will be sent an email with the attachment of the questionnaire. The customers will be asked to reply back with their responses. ... However, the SMS will not disclose the incentives to be provided but will notify about a guaranteed prize. The incentives to be offered to the customers for taking part in the survey will be flat 20% discount in the next trip. Furthermore 3 lucky respondents will get digital camera from the company, 10 lucky winners will get travel bags and 20 lucky respondents will win 8 GB memory stick. With such lucrative offers, it is expected that the company will be able to achieve at least 30% overall response. The coding plan as well as other supported documents such as consent form, confidentiality forms etc. that are to be sent to the customers are presented in the Appendix section of the study. PART I (c) Critical Evaluation of the Questionnaire Tours and Travel industry is one of the rapidly growing industries of the world. This is probably the only industry which is least impacted by the external business situation. Although, economic crisis and financial downturn reduces the growth rate of this industry, but it maintains a steady growth rate despite of several unwanted situations. According to reports, tourism is one of the major contributors to the national economy of a country. Due to the robust growth of travel and tourism industry, the level of job creation is growing at a robust pace accounting to one and half times faster than the other industries. It is one of the labour intensive industries of the world and employs around 200 million people worldwide. There are several forms of tourism namely sustainable tourism, eco tourism, pro-poor tourism, medical tourism, recession tourism, educational tourism, dart tourism, creative tourism, and doom tourism among others. This project intends to shed light on the

Accouting Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accouting - Speech or Presentation Example The formula to calculate dividend yield ratio is dividends per share divided by market price per share. Dividend yield ratio = $1.50 / $60 = 2.5%. d) The price-earnings ratio is an index that shows whether a stock is relatively cheap or expensive in relation to its earnings. The formula to calculate the price-earnings ratio is market price per share / EPS. Price-earnings ratio = 60 / 7.8 = 7.69. The book value per share is lower than the market value per share by $20. This figure does not necessarily reflect that the stocks of the company are selling at a bargain price. The book value per share reflects the amount that would be distributed to investors if all assets were sold at their balance sheet values after paying off the creditors. a) The current ratio is calculated dividing current assets by current debt. Current ratio = 1,120,000 / 600,000 = 1.87. The current ratio shows the ability of a company to pay off its current debt. A general rule for the current ratio is that if the ratio is above 1.0 it is good. The company is in a good position to pay off its current debt. The current ratio of the firm is below the industry average of 2.1. b) The quick acid ratio is another solvency metric. It is calculated similarly to current ratio with the exception that inventory is deducted from the numerator. Quick acid ratio = (1,120,000 – 610,000) / 600000 = 0.85. The quick acid ratio of the company is below the industry average of 1.2. e) The debt to equity ratio is a measure of the amount of assets being provided by creditors for each dollar of assets being provided by the stockholders (Garrison, et. al.). The ratio is calculated by the following formula: total liabilities / total equity. The purpose of the ratio analysis performed was to determine whether Stephens Company qualifies for a $500,000 loan. The broad profitability of the company is a little lower than the

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context Essay

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context - Essay Example Secondly, the maintenance of a pollution-free waterbody requires several technological and monitoring arrangements which can come at a high cost. Thirdly, water is an essential and abundant resource. People believe that they have the right to clean water. This therefore means that authorities need to ensure that waterbodies are clean and free of pollution. Additionally, the flora and fauna related to the ecosystems of rivers and other waterbodies have the right to be preserved. These three factors imply that federal and state governments have a primary obligation to ensure that water is free from pollution. The inherent nature of clean water issues means that government can only handle the issue of providing safe water through policy. This paper examines the challenges facing policymakers in providing clean water to the public. To this end, the focus will be on the Clean Water Act, 1977 which provides the basic policy framework to tackle this issue through pollution control programs and limitation of discharge into waterbodies (Summary of Clean Water Act, 2011). The research examines perspectives into the challenges facing this Act and comes up with recommendations on how to deal with these challenges. The paper undertakes a critical view of the recommendations and examines how it can be applied in reality. Clean Water Act 1977 The Clean Water Act was enacted â€Å"... to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters† (Section 101 a). This means that it provides a framework to ensure that practical steps are taken to prevent the pollution of our waterbodies. The Act empowers the US Environmental Protection Agency, US Army Corps of Engineers and the States to take reasonable steps to prevent the pollution of surface water in the country (National Research Council, 2008 p65). These parties work together with the other law enforcement agencies to ensure that all limits the law is followed appropriately in local jurisdictions. The Act was ammended in 1981, 1987 and 1990 (National Research Council, 2008 p265). The Act has six different Titles. Title I is about research and related programs. It sets out the goals of the act and the preamble it follows. Title II is about Grants for the Construction of Treatment Works. It shows how the various municipalities will be assisted to expand sewerage treatment plants. Title III is about Standards & Enforcement. It borders on discharge points, technology quality standards, water quality programs as well as criminal and civil provision for the enforcement of the law. Title IV outlines the federal and state certification and the issuance of permits and licenses needed for various potential polluters. Title V is about the facts that citizens can sue polluters and the procedures they can follow for that. It also describes the protections offered to whistleblowers. Title VI is about funding for State and local water pollution control systems. Policy Challen ges of the Clean Water Act There are three main significant challenges that can be identified in relation to the Clean Water Act. First of all, there is a major problem in relation to the uniformity of the application of the Act. Secondly, there is limited funding for treatment services as well as monitoring services to ensure that the Act is fully controlled and kept in motion. Thirdly, due to the apathy in the society and the existence of

The Presidency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Presidency - Research Paper Example The American presidency is the most powerful office positions in the universe, considering the fact that the United States of America is the powerhouse of the world. As such, the presidency is among the widely recognized worldwide icons (Watts, 2009). Majority of individuals living outside the US or those who have little knowledge on the history of the presidency would assume that the politics of the presidency as similar to any other in the world (or to the local and congressional elections), but those familiar with its history know the significance of the office. A keen and closer look at the history of the executive branch of the US government will highlight the powers and worldwide impact the office may have on the entire world. Among the main roles of the presidency as described by Article II of the American Constitution, include the chief administrator, chief lawmaker, commander-in-chief, chief of state, and the chief diplomat, just to mention a few. In contrast to local or con gressional elections where several individuals of the same ideology are elected in order for the government to address issues of concern, the presidency, a single individual although under the check of various government divisions, has the power to literary change the entire world. As history has it, US presidents have had the power to implement policies that may bring significant changes in the world, or establish new world orders, as is the case with President Washington. Nonetheless, different presidents in the past have had different policy doctrines that helped them govern the country in their presidential terms (Brinkley & Dyer, 2004). The vast powers held in the presidency office often make the role a contradictory institution and complex one, and very vital to the US government system. Restrictions by political laws on one president act as a liberation for another. A successful policy doctrine for one president may be a complete failure by another, majorly because of the pre vailing political and international relations. The US presidency definition may be a series of contradictions, paradoxes, and clashing expectations. Citizens vote a president based on principles and values that are generally acceptable to the society. A citizen’s vote is dependent on the individual’s beliefs, hopes, and wishes. The presidential elections of 2012 will either give Americans a chance to reinstate President Barrack Obama as their president for another four-year term, or choose another candidate based on their guiding principles and presidential campaign platforms (Peters). The issue of terrorism has been a major topic in the past presidential elections campaigns, with the gradual shift from the democratic diplomacy presidency to the imperial presidency as was imposed by George Bush during his term in office (Brinkley & Dyer, 2004). The 57th Presidential elections to be held on 6th November 2012, is expected to feature the incumbent President Obama on a Dem ocrats ticket, a Republican candidate (yet to be decided), and a third party nominee. The presidential campaigns are often marred with accusations and counter accusation, some of which have seen a Republican Presidential candidate, Herman Cain, suspend his campaign on accusations of a 13-years affair and sexual harassment. The Democrats are pushing tax cut extensions as part of their strategy, as well as maintaining their famous

False Claims Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

False Claims - Coursework Example New York Times reports indicate that 34 percent of American households possessed guns in 2012. They claim that compared to 32 percent of gun ownership in 2010, the rate had substantially declined. The GSS Survey data that New York Times relied on contradicts many other surveys conducted by prominent firms such as Gallup. Gallup reported 47 percent gun ownership in October 2011. The percentages reported by Gallup were inconsistent with the trend of decline in gun ownership as outlined by New York Times. New York Times data also failed to account for the percentage of gun ownership in 2011(Gebeloff & Tavernise, 2013). Omission of data shows unreliability in New York Times report on gun ownership in America. Data from ABC news and Washington post-poll also shows inconsistency of New York Times data. ABC News reports indicate that gun ownership among American households holds at 43 percent that is higher than the 37 percent reported by the New York Times. Gebeloff, R. & Tavernise, S. (2013, March 9). Share of Homes with Guns Shows 4-Decade Decline. The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2014 from, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/us/rate-of-gun-ownership-is-down-survey-shows.html?hp&_r=0 Johnrlott. (2013 November, 19). Problems with Using the General Social Survey to Measure Gun Ownership. Crime Prevention Research Center. Retrieved October 10, 2014 from,

Video review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Video review - Assignment Example Being already in his fifties da Vinci painted Mona Lisa, a portrait of a Florentine merchant Francesco del Giocondos wife, which explains why the painting is often called La Giaconda in Italy. Mona, in turn, is a contraction from Italian "ma donna", which means "my lady". Leonardo never handed over the portrait to del Giocondo because he probably never considered it finished. Years later Napoleon took Mona Lisa to his bedroom; it was also stolen from Louvre Museum once, which finally brought it a worldwide fame. But eventually the portrait got back to Louvre, where it stays to date. 2. King Tuthankhamuns tomb is full of ancient artworks devoted to this legendary Egyptian ruler. The Golden mask is one of them. Preserved in the Museum of Cairo it shows its visitors the luxury and sophisticated taste of King Tut. It is a masterpiece that is almost impossible to copy. Seven coffins of the King Tuts tomb bear the embossment of Tuthankhamuns face, each being an artwork of exquisite beauty. The Golden Throne is another masterpiece containing relief images of King and Queen, which tells us the story of their love. On top of these wonders, there are over one hundred pieces of the finest jewelry found inside the tomb. Art in ancient Egypt was made for religious purposes and, apart from its beauty, reveals a lot about the ancient times that have been long

The Music of Bollywood Films Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Music of Bollywood Films - Assignment Example Roopa’s father happily agrees as he knows they both love each other and all he can ask for is the happiness of his daughter. After getting married, Rajeev gets to know about the reality of Roopa and he thinks that she is not the girl he fell in love with and this is all a plan to cheat him. Disappointed and frustrated, he kicks Roopa out of his house while Roopa pleads and begs him to believe that she is the same girl he fell in love with and she did not cheat. Desperate for her love, Roopa decides to meet her husband daily in the night with her face covered. Rajeev with this supposedly different girl falls in love and they start to meet every night. One day Roopa realizes that she is pregnant. Having got to know about this, Rajeev suspects her again of cheating as he does not know that Roopa and that girl are the same person. Then one day, due to heavy rain, the dam breaks out and everything gets washed away in the rain. Then Rajeev realizes how wrong he has been and saves he r wife Roopa from the flood and gets her back to his home. There are many archetypes and stereotypes displayed in the movie. For example, how could two people fall in love with each other without even seeing the faces of each other. Also, woman here is again shown as a weak link of the society and men are portrayed to be the stronger half. Men can treat women the way they want to and women have no right to complain whereas in today’s society, women are given equal rights as compared to men.... One day Roopa realizes that she is pregnant. Having got to know about this, Rajeev suspects her again of cheating as he does not know that Roopa and that girl are the same person. Then one day, due to heavy rain, the dam breaks out and everything gets washed away in the rain. Then Rajeev realizes how wrong he has been and saves her wife Roopa from the flood and gets her back to his home. Archetypes/Stereotypes/Symbols: There are many archetypes and stereotypes displayed in the movie. For example, how could two people fall in love with each other without even seeing the faces of each other. Roopa keeps Rajeev in the dark about her facial disfigurement and he does not get to know about it until marriage. Also, woman here is again shown as a weak link of the society and men are portrayed to be the stronger half. Men can treat women the way they want to and women have no right to complain whereas in today’s society, women are given equal rights as compared to men. Men cannot misbe have with women as there are laws for it now. If a man kicks his wife out of his house, she can go court and the husband will be forced by law to pay her full expenses. Background Music &Sound Effects: The background music and sound effects were very much dramatic and gave the movie a look of a complete love-tragedy movie. The background sounds of Rain and then the breaking of Dam although not too realistic, still added to the glamour of the movie. Music: The music of this movie directed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal was, no doubt, the best music of that year. They won a Filmfare Award for the best music directors for this movie. The theme song of the movie – â€Å"Satyam Shivam Sundaram,† a song that has brought Truth, Destruction and Beauty together, a

Journal on Hamlets quote Essay Example for Free

Journal on Hamlets quote Essay Hamlet is one of Shakespeares most discussed plays. The drama has a lot of figurative language to be interpreted in various meanings. Among the famous quotes taken from Hamlet, perhaps the one bringing a wide range of different opinions is the line Hamlet said to his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Why, then, tis none to you; for there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so: to me it is a prison. (Shakespeare, Hamlet, II, ii, 249.) There is a deep concept in this saying, which perfectly represents the reality and the values of right and wrong. In the context, despite Hamlet saying this line does not refer to the moral values in the society; it does reflect the theme of the play. In this scene when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, his old friends directed by King Claudius to come and check on his madness, Hamlet simply is mocking his fake friends naiveness. However, this quote does not only have this joking effect, but also foretells the theme of the play. Hamlet is the play of revenge, of finding the truth, of defining what is right and what is wrong. The way the prince thinks about life is going to help him deciding on his actions. . . . for there is nothing either good or bad implies in this world, nothing being is given a low or high value, a righteous or foul reason to exist. The way people look at it, react to it, and perceive it make it good, or bad. For instance, killing is always considered a horrible crime, but in the play Hamlet has to decide to murder his own uncle. However in that situation it is not completely a crime. It may either be right or wrong, depends on each persons view on what is more meaningful, a life, or the elimination of bad deeds. The decision to defy something as right or wrong also depends on a lot of different background like historical, cultural and other aspects. Hamlet considers the marriage between his mom and his uncle two months after King Hamlets death is unethical. The truth is in other nations, relatives do get royal marriage right after death of a family member to remain the stability within the royal clan, which is considered great wisdom and of great moral. In each persons view, an event has various personal relations to his belief and moral conception; therefore the definitions of right and wrong, good and bad vary among people. The argument of right and wrong, or good and bad, perhaps is the main theme  of the play. Is revenge a good excuse for murder? Is Hamlet not doing the same thing as Claudius did to his father? The answers lay upon each audience and his own opinion, as the truth lays in thinking makes it so Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Rpt. in Compact Literature Reading Reacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. 2007.

Why We Shouldnt Illegalize Guns Essay Example for Free

Why We Shouldnt Illegalize Guns Essay The Sandy Hook shooting. The theater shooting. What do they have in common? Guns. The question though, is how we should limit them. Many think that we should completely illegalize them, but is it really going to solve the problem? The truth of the matter is that guns don’t kill people; the criminal that wields the gun kills people. Limiting the use of guns is not an ideal solution and it will not stop criminals from killing others. It’s understandable that many people want to completely restrict guns because of their personal experiences or tragedies of someone they know dealing with shootings or guns. It’s also understandable that gun laws are passed only to look out for the safety of others. Guns can be really dangerous once it’s placed in the wrong hands. Saying from complete honesty, we can all agree that guns actually do help criminals kill or injure the innocent. Using a gun, a thief can easily rob a bank, or even a psychopath can easily gun down a school with just a press of a trigger. I mean, guns are dangerous right? Yes and no. Yes, because they can be a tool for evil and destruction. No, because they don’t cause people to kill others, they serve only as a catalyst for the inevitable. If someone is insane enough to pick up a gun and kill innocent civilians, the problem doesn’t lie within the gun, but the beholder of the gun. This means that the thought of killing someone else will eventually manifest whether guns are present or not. Taking away guns isn’t going to make criminals mentally sane or even less dangerous. The problem shouldn’t be emphasized on the tool the perpetrator used, but on the perpetrator himself. Saying that it was a gun that caused a person to kill is like saying if someone had a knife, he would automatically go out and slaughter innocent bystanders. Intentions are intentions. If someone really wanted to kill another person, they would, with or without a gun. But ok. Say a law was passed to illegalize all guns. Would it finally be a stop to all the madness and violent killings in America? Of course not. Illegalizing guns will only take away firearms from the law abiding citizens. Criminals that are likely to commit crimes are the ones that won’t abide to laws. And even if it’s against the law, whose stopping the criminals from obtaining arms illegally? This means that the law abiding citizens will have no guns to protect themselves, and the people that don’t follow laws will have guns regardless. Even though a series of recent tragic events occurred, it shouldn’t mean that owning guns should be made illegal. Illegalizing firearms will not cause anything but even more chaos. In fact, Crime rates in Great Britain have doubled since handguns were banned along with heavy restriction on long guns. Clearly, illegalizing guns will not decrease crime rates, but instead, increase them. Illegalizing guns. It does not seem to be a relevant response to recent shootings. Even if looking out for the safety of fellow citizens of America is the main goal, making guns illegal will not solve anything. The issue of the matter lies within the intentions of the gun wielder. Though guns may be a destructive tool, it is still the person’s responsibility to adequately own and operate the gun while obeying the laws. Guns themselves might seem like the easiest thing to blame for unforgivable crimes but, in truth, America should first focus on the people and the logical part of the situation.

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations Timothy Lee It may seem as an overwhelming task when attempting to understand the factors that are related to the health and nutrition of many, if not all, of the developing nations around the world. There is though one reoccurring factor that is constantly mentioned no matter where you begin your research into the issue, poverty. The mentioning of the term â€Å"developing nation† has become synonymous with the term poverty in my own mind. The issue at hand is how to turn these nations from developing to developed, which in turn would also contribute to the improvement of proper health needs and adequate nutrition standards for all. From malaria stricken nations to malnourished nations across the developing spectrum poverty plays a role. It is becoming more difficult now though to just blame poverty since there has been such a large influx in foreign aid to these developing nations[LL2]. Help is being offered, and it is upon the citizens of these unhealthy nations to take full advantage of these benefits, even if that means teaching the local populations the benefits of say sleeping under a bed net or feeding your children proper nutritional meals even on the low income budget that they have, as a few of the Millennium Development Goals have referenced. Source[LL3]: http://ih887.pbworks.com/w/page/5284039/Micronutrient%20Deficiency One of the biggest health related diseases that impacts such a large number of people and yet can be prevented is that of Malaria. In the case of providing bed nets to all families of developing nations to help in the prevention of malaria, the cost of providing the nets is very small and are in rather ample supply[LL4]. The benefits from using the bed nets, those being less infected citizens, stronger workforce due to the advancement of the individuals’ health, etc.., greatly outweigh any monetary cost[LL5]. The individuals that would use the bed nets would get sick less often, be able to work harder, and the overall income gains would easily cover the initial costs plus more. There are two sides to the argument of providing these simple bed nets for free. The first being that in developing nations where malaria is rampant, the poverty trap is so deep that they are to the point where they can’t even afford to purchase the necessities for the prevention of the disease, thus people like Jeffery Sachs suggests that if we were to finance malaria eradication for these developing nations then they would end up on the right side of his S-shaped curve on the road to opulence. The other side of the argument is that skeptics are not positive that malaria is the actual cause for that countries poverty and that maybe it is because of a corrupt government for their failure to eradicate malaria, and if that is true, then getting rid of the disease wouldn’t help. In my opinion, both arguments make valid points. It is reasonable to assume that a country is poor because of the health of its citizens and if health improved then so to would its economy[LL6]. That being said, it could also be seen as being naà ¯ve to think that the health of a nation would be the only factor in that nation’s economic well-being[LL7]. Despite the size, governments of all countries play an enormous role in their citizens well-being health wise, economic wise, and etc. b ut to look at a poor country and determine that one cause, that being malaria in this case, is the reason for that nation’s poverty, in my opinion, would be a misinterpretation of the causes of poverty as a whole. Note that Malaria is not the only disease that is rampant and plaguing developing nations but is by far the easiest example to point to and say, â€Å"It can be done†, the â€Å"it† being the prevention of the disease, the repossession of several million able body workers into the workforce, and ultimately the building of a weak economy. The next step for a developing nation would be to tackle the nutritional standards of its population and ensure that those needs are being met in a way to guarantee that the population stays healthy. â€Å"Just as micronutrient deficiencies can lead to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, infectious disease can also contribute to micronutrient deficiencies since the body requires increased micronutrients when combating disease. Worldwide, between 140 and 250 million children suffer from Vitamin A deficiency (VAD[LL8]).Primary VAD is usually caused by prolonged dietary deprivation, in particular lack of vegetables and animal products, and is particularly endemic in areas where rice is the staple food (Muller Krawinkel, 2005).† The absence of adequate vegetables and animal products cannot be blamed on the average citizen but rather on the lack focus on the ecology, the economy, and the culture of the regions being observed[LL9]. Sachs view on the health of developing nations is that we should begin â€Å"scaling up† our efforts on the international side and support community health workers. While in previous Sachs arguments, that being about the poverty trap, I would’ve agreed with his views, but when it comes to providing educational matters related to health, or providing all the tools to a nation to improve their own health care system then when would that nation become self-sufficient and no longer need aid, educational help regarding nutrition, or their basic needs be met? [LL10]How long would we as the international community stand by and continuously pour money into these nati ons? In conclusion, there is without a doubt a definite need for foreign aid when it comes to the health and nutritional standards of developing nations[LL11]. These countries are in a rut, also known as â€Å"The Poverty Trap†, and can only climb out of such trap when the proper ladder is offered to help bring them out from the hole they find themselves in as Sachs explains it. This doesn’t however excuse these developing nations from all responsibilities involving their population and the providing of proper education, food, and economic well-being for its citizens. When a nation [LL12]has so called â€Å"low-hanging fruits† available to them but doesn’t or won’t take full advantage of these â€Å"fruits† even after the international community has exhausted its capabilities to educate, influence, and integrate proper health and nutritional standards then in my opinion said nations should be coerced [LL13]into following the protocol that other de veloping nations are following by having some sort of aid reduction policy implemented so that countries would feel obligated to begin doing for themselves what they should be doing all along[LL14], and until they show evidence of taking advantage of the â€Å"low-hanging fruits†. Works Cited[LL15] Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Print. â€Å"Micronutrient Deficiency.† Ih887 /. Web. 25 June 2015. Muller, O., Krawinkel, M., (2005)Malnutrition and Health in Developing Countries.CMAJ, 279-286. Sachs, Jeffrey. A Call to Scale-Up Community Health Workers. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Web. 25 June 2015. [LL1]Nice job Tim. Organization needs a little more work though. It’s a little hard to tell if your focus is on aid or health, or both and you’re missing a few opportunities to apply more critical analysis. Esp. conclusion seems a bit abrupt and doesn’t seem to link closely to your intro. It’s a bit short of the word count laid out in the syllabus, and a bit short on analysis and discussion in a few places. Otherwise, a nice project. Grade: 80 [LL2]Can you develop this more? How does the influx of aid make this more difficult? [LL3]Need to discuss/explain/introduce this graphic as part of your discussion. This is a bit choppy. [LL4]Need to cite these two claims. [LL5]According to who? So why don’t more people use them? [LL6]Develop this argument a bit more. [LL7]Good point. [LL8]Citation? And why is this bad? [LL9]Can we blame any other factors? Why are there fewer elephants in Kenya than in Zinbabwe? [LL10]I think I get your basic point, but the wording /structure is making it hard to follow you. [LL11]Not sure you’ve established this point†¦ your intro seemed to suggest that you saw merit in the idea that aid might hurt more than help†¦ [LL12]Do you mean the government/members of government or the population at large? [LL13]By who? We should send in the army? [LL14]Need to develop this idea a bit more in the preceding paragrphs†¦ what are some things that can be done, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals? Do they seem reasonable to you? Etc. [LL15]Works cited doesn’t seem quite uniform

Ecuador And Democracy :: essays research papers fc

Ecuador and Democracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Briefly, democracy is a matter of degree and quality. Confusion often arises in discussion about democracy. This stems from the different premises people have in mind when they use the term. In my opinion, most people fail to specify their underlying premises, and we often incorporate into our sense of democracy disparate factors that may or may not relate to it. To avoid such confusion, we must identify the key ideas central to democracy and clarify precisely how the term will be used. The best way to study democracy is to learn the other countries, so in this time I choose one of Latin American countries, Ecuador for well-understanding of the process of democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecuador is graphically one of the world's most varied countries despite its small size, which at 283520 sq. km is about the size of either New Zealand or Nevada State. Ecuador staddles the equator on the Pacific coast of South America and is bordered by only two countries, Colombia to the north and Peru to the south and east.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The estimated population of Ecuador in 1991 was 10,800,00. This is approximately 10 times the number of Indian estimated to have been living in the area at the time of the Spanish conquest. The population density of about 38 people per sq. km is the highest of any South American nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like other Latin American countries, the major religion is Roman Catholicism. Some of the older cities have splendid 16th and 17th-century Catholic churches. Although churches of other faiths can found, they form only a very small minority. The Indians, while outwardly Roman Catholic, tend to blend Catholicism with their traditional beliefs. In Ecuador, Spanish is the main language. Most Indians are bilingual, with Quechua being their preferred language and Spanish their second tongue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecuador, that is the smallest of the Andean countries, is a republic with a democratic government headed by a president. The first constitution was written in 1830, but has had several changes since then, the most recent in 1978. Democratically elected governments have regularly been toppled by coups, often led by the military. Since 1979, however, all governments have been freely elected. All literate citizens over 18 have the vote and the president must receive over 50% of the vote to be elected. With at least 13 different political parties, 50% of the vote is rarely achieved, in which case there is a second round between the top two contenders. A president governs for a maximum of five years and cannot be reelected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The recent elections were in 1988, with 10 candidates running for

beethoven :: essays research papers

Beethoven Study Guide v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in 1770 in the town of Bonn, Germany v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His was given the same name as his grandfather who was a court musician in Bonn v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His father, Johann, was not a talented musician and was a cruel first tutor for Ludwig v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven had 2 brothers v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven wrote his first music composition when he was just 12 years old. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian Neefe was Beethoven’s first legitimate tutor and quickly recognized his talents. Neefe took Beethoven to Vienna when he was just 16 years old. Vienna was the music capital of Europe at the time. In 1787, Beethoven played for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart recognized Beethoven’s talents and knew he would be a great musician, and many in Vienna considered Beethoven to be the next â€Å"Mozart†. Beethoven and Mozart met only one time. Beethoven had to return to Bonn just a few weeks later after his mother, Maria, died. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven remained in Bonn to care for his brothers. He took a job in the Bonn court orchestra. The only instrument position available was the viola. He taught himself to play it and got the job. The income allowed Beethoven to compose music in his spare time. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven met his next tutor, Joseph Haydn who would help Beethoven to return to Vienna in 1792. Beethoven quickly became a celebrity. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven had a terrible temper and mood swings. He considered himself a true celebrity and tried to convince everyone he was of noble birth because he had the word â€Å"Van† in his name. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Beethoven was in his late 20’s he began to lose his hearing. He wrote most of his most famous works while he was going deaf. Symphony number 9 was written when he was completely deaf. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven admired Napoleon Bonaparte very much and dedicated his 3rd Symphony to him. When Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France, Beethoven was very angry and scratched up the original score to remove Napoleon’s name from it. Beethoven, however, did not destroy the music itself, he just renamed it. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beethoven fell in love many times, but never married. He fought his sister-in-law for custody of his nephew and won, although his nephew, Karl, hated him. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Beethoven lost more of his hearing he became more and more angry as well as reclusive. He would wander the streets of Vienna like a homeless man and then return to his apartment to compose music. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later in his life, Beethoven returned to the church and had a spiritual awakening.

America Must Learn to Respect the Elderly Essay -- Argumentative Persu

America Must Learn to Respect the Elderly It is blatantly evident that America is a country in which youth is king. Everyone wants to look young, feel young, and possess that youthful vigor and dynamism that is so highly respected by both the media and by the public. Our shelves are stocked with products to make us appear younger in any way, shape, or form; our most popular reality TV shows revolve around the lives of the young and beautiful. It seems that America’s population has forgotten that with luck, some day we will all become older. We will become those wrinkly, slow, and uncannily wise beings that hover in the background of today’s society. And what kind of life will we find once we reach that invisible point? Today’s elderly are treated with resentment and antagonism that is in appalling opposition to the respect that they deserve. In many other countries around the globe, especially in the East, growing older is an outward sign of one’s increase in knowledge and experiences. Because of this healthily accurate image of aging, the process is seen as admirable; grand...

My Idea of a Professional Teacher Essay

A student is nothing without his/her teacher. Without them we would know nothing and be nothing. The teacher is the one that helps the student understand everything around him/her. The teacher’s pride and glory is to know that he/she helped create a student that would someday live a successful life. When the word â€Å"professional teacher† was said, Sir Camacho comes to my mind. Even though there are a lot of great teachers in Regional Science High School, I chose him because he is a teacher that everyone likes, he is a teacher that is strict but very fun to be with, and he is a teacher that turns something so hard to something very understandable, he is a teacher that understands his students, and helps them in times of need. I remember the first day of being a junior; Sir Camacho was our first subject teacher, I thought he was a very strict teacher that wants every lesson he teaches to be understood by the students immediately, but I was proven wrong. We got along very well and he even shared his experiences to us—his students. Aristotle loves him, he gives us some advices, and we share some secrets with him. I consider Sir Camacho as one of the great teachers that taught me. He is a man that can be a teacher at the same time a friend. Words can’t be enough to describe how much I’m thankful of him and the great knowledge he shared us. Sir Camacho should really be called Superman.

The Steps in the Business Buying-Decision Process

First process is problem recognition in which someone in the company recognizes a problem or need that can be met by acquiring a good or service. It can result from internal (a machine break down and need new parts) and external stimuli (buyer receive a call from a salesperson who offers a better machine or a lower price). Next stage is general need description in which a buyer describes the general characteristics and quantity of a needed item.An example, for complex items, the buyer needs to work with others-engineers, users, consultants to define the item. Third step is product specification. The buying organization decides on and specifies the best technical product characteristics for a needed item by using product value analysis. Supplier search is another step in which the buyer tries to find the best vendors. They can compile a small list of qualified suppliers by reviewing trade directories, doing computer searches, or phoning other companies for recommendations.Another stag e is proposal solicitation. In this stage the buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals. Business marketers must be skilled in researching, writing, and presenting proposals in response to buyer proposal solicitation. Next step is supplier selection in which the buyer reviews proposals and selects a supplier or suppliers. The buying center often will draw up a list of the desired supplier attributes (product and service quality, reputation) and their relative importance.Order-routine specification is the next step of business buying-decision process. the buyer writes the final order with the chosen supplier(s), listing the technical specifications, quantity needed, expected time of delivery, return policies, and warranties. Final stage is performance review in which the buyer assesses the performance of the supplier and decides to continue, modify, or drop the arrangement. The seller’s job is to monitor the same factors used by the buyer to make sure that the sell er is giving the expected satisfaction.

Mcgee Cake Company

Running Header: CASE STUDY 1 The McGee Cake Company: A Case Study Submitter Instructor BUS Course 2012 CASE STUDY 2 Introduction The McGee Cake Company, owned by Doc and Lyn McGee, has been a sole proprietorship company since its inception in 2005 (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18).A sole proprietorship â€Å"is the least regulated form of organization† and has allowed the McGee's to run their company largely as they see fit and to reap all the financial profits. However, the company's recent growth has added additional financial burdens which have caused the McGee's to revisit the company's current form of organization (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013, p. 5). To that end, the owners have approached me â€Å"to help manage and direct the [company since its fast growth has] led to cash flow and capacity problems† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 8). What follows is information on â€Å"the advantages and disadvantages of changing the company's organizati on from a sole proprietorship to an [limited liability company] as well as â€Å"the advantages and disadvantages of changing the [company's current form of business organization] to a corporation† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18). In addition, the McGee's have asked me for my recommendation as to which form of business organization I believe the company should undertake and the reasons/rationale behind my recommendation.CASE STUDY 3 Key Issue The one key issue that has led the McGee's to consider moving the company from a sole proprietorship to a limited liability company or that of a corporation is the company's recent rapid growth. This growth has presented both opportunities and challenges for the company as a whole.Specifically, â€Å"sales have exploded† since The McGee Cake Company was recently featured in â€Å"a leading specialty food magazine† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18). While this growth has allowed the McGee's to use the comp any's revenues as their sole source of income, it has increased their need for capital as they have had to hire â€Å"additional workers to meet the demand† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18). Also, additional capital will be needed to purchase more assets in an effort to keep up with the company's continuing growth (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 8). Under the current business form these two increased expenditures—payroll and assets–are the sole financial responsibility of the McGee's which may cause some financial stress since their available â€Å"equity†¦ is limited to the amount of [their] personal wealth† (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013, p. 5). This growth has also presented the McGee's with the opportunity to enter into business with â€Å"a national supermarket chain [that has proposed] to put four of [the McGee's] cakes in all of the chain's stores† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18).In addition, the McGee's hav e been approached by â€Å"a national restaurant chain [in regards to] selling McGee cakes in its restaurants† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 18). Again, under sole proprietorship the company may miss out on these opportunities â€Å"because of insufficient capital† to expand the business assets (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 5). For example, if the McGee's do not have the capital to purchase more ovens they may not be able to keep up with the increased demand from the supermarket/restaurant chains, potentially causing both business ventures to fail.In order for the company to capitalize on its current growth the McGee's need to be informed of the advantages and disadvantages of other forms of business organizations to determine which will best suit their needs for both the short- and long-term. CASE STUDY 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Changing from a Sole Proprietorship to a Limited Liability Company â€Å"The goal of [a limited liability company] i s to operate and be taxed like a partnership but retain limited liability for owners† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. ). Thus â€Å"[t]he main advantage gained by shifting from a sole proprietorship to a more formal organization [whether it be a limited liability company or a corporation] is liability protection† (Cromwell, n. d. , n. p. ). Under sole proprietorship the McGee's have â€Å"unlimited liability for [their] business debts† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 5). This means that if their business owes creditors and the McGee's are unable to pay with business assets the creditors can demand payment via the McGee's personal assets (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. ). In contrast, under a limited liability company the McGee's personal assets would be protected â€Å"from business liability† (Cromwell, n. d. , n. p. ). Additionally, the McGee's must rely on their own personal wealth in an effort to raise equity whereas a limited liabili ty company affords the business â€Å"to bring a number of investors and partners† on board in an effort to raise capital (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 5; Cromwell, n. d. , n. p. ).Hence, the limited liability company will provide them with the capital they require to increase their business assets in order to keep up with the high demand for their products. In terms of taxes the McGee's currently report their personal and business taxes as one. Under a limited liability company they will no longer be able to claim their business income on their personal filings; separate tax returns would have to be filed for both their personal income and their business income (Cromwell, n. d. , n. p. ).Moreover, the McGee's would have to file documentation with the state prior to their company being able to claim limited liability status. The taxes and state filing issues, in my professional opinion, should not be viewed as detractors. The benefits the company will reap (e. g. , ab ility to raise capital) certainly outweigh the annual taxation preparation and filing with the state to ‘establish' the limited liability company. CASE STUDY 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Changing from a Sole Proprietorship to a CorporationSome of the advantages of forming a corporation are, in contrast to sole proprietorship, â€Å"owner-ship [of a corporation] can be readily transferred† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, pp. 5-6). Also, like a limited liability company, a corporation has â€Å"limited liability for the company's debts and [stockholders] can only lose what they have invested† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 6). In addition, unlike sole proprietorship, a corporation an unlimited [business] life† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. ). For these reasons, a corporation is a superior form of business organization for raising capital (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 6). Along with the advantages of forming a corporation comes t he main disadvantage: taxation. Corporations must deal with double taxation â€Å"meaning that†¦ profits are taxed [at both] the corporate level when†¦ earned and again at the personal level when they are paid out† (Ross, Westerfield & Jordan, 2013, p. 6).While a corporation provides many advantages the tax disadvantage that comes with it currently outweighs those advantages. CASE STUDY 6RecommendationWith The McGee Cake Company's rapid growth it is in need of changing its form of business organization. In particular, the McGee's â€Å"need enhanced protection for [their] personal assets from business obligations and liabilities as well as a better vehicle to attract investors† (Cromwell, n. . , n. d. ). Therefore, after carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of changing from a sole proprietorship to a limited liability company or that of a corporation my recommendation is for the former. Becoming a limited liability company will benefit them gr eatly since it provides limited liability in that their personal assets will be separate from their business assets, thus protecting their personal assets from creditors seeking payment if such a situation should ever arise.Becoming a limited liability company will also allow the McGee's to raise equity through partners and investors. Since the McGee's are in need of additional capital to purchase new business assets in an effort for them to keep up with the current demand for their products a limited liability company would allow them this advantage. Since this rapid growth may continue the McGee's may want to revisit becoming a corporation. However, my recommendation is for them to take the next logical and less daunting step and become a limited liability company for the reasons stated above.CASE STUDY 7 References Cromwell, J. (n. d. ). Demand Media: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Changing the Company Organization from a Sole Proprietorship. Retrieved from http://smallbusi ness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-changing-company-organization-sole-proprietorship-24632. html Ross, S. , Westerfield, R. , & Jordan, B. (2013). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (10th ed. ). McGraw-Hill/Irwin: New York, NY

Chapter 34 Priori Incantatem

Wormtail approached Harry, who scrambled to find his feet, to support his own weight before the ropes were untied. Wormtail raised his new silver hand, pulled out the wad of material gagging Harry, and then, with one swipe, cut through the bonds tying Harry to the gravestone. There was a split second, perhaps, when Harry might have considered running for it, but his injured leg shook under him as he stood on the overgrown grave, as the Death Eaters closed ranks, forming a tighter circle around him and Voldemort, so that the gaps where the missing Death Eaters should have stood were filled. Wormtail walked out of the circle to the place where Cedric's body lay and returned with Harry's wand, which he thrust roughly into Harry's hand without looking at him. Then Wormtail resumed his place in the circle of watching Death Eaters. â€Å"You have been taught how to duel. Harry Potter?† said Voldemort softly, his red eyes glinting through the darkness. At these words Harry remembered, as though from a former life, the dueling club at Hogwarts he had attended briefly two years ago†¦.All he had learned there was the Disarming Spell, â€Å"Expelliarmus†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and what use would it be to deprive Voldemort of his wand, even if he could, when he was surrounded by Death Eaters, outnumbered by at least thirty to one? He had never learned anything that could possibly fit him for this. He knew he was facing the thing against which Moody had always warned†¦the unblockable Avada Kedavra curse – and Voldemort was right – his mother was not here to die for him this time†¦.He was quite unprotected†¦. â€Å"We bow to each other. Harry,† said Voldemort, bending a little, but keeping his snakelike face upturned to Harry. â€Å"Come, the niceties must be observed†¦.Dumbledore would like you to show manners†¦.Bow to death, Harry†¦.† The Death Eaters were laughing again. Voldemort's lipless mouth was smiling. Harry did not bow. He was not going to let Voldemort play with him before killing him†¦he was not going to give him that satisfaction†¦. â€Å"I said, bow,† Voldemort said, raising his wand – and Harry felt his spine curve as though a huge, invisible hand were bending him ruthlessly forward, and the Death Eaters laughed harder than ever. â€Å"Very good,† said Voldemort softly, and as he raised his wand the pressure bearing down upon Harry lifted too. â€Å"And now you face me, like a man†¦straight-backed and proud, the way your father died†¦. â€Å"And now – we duel.† Voldemort raised his wand, and before Harry could do anything to defend himself, before he could even move, he had been hit again by the Cruciatus Curse. The pain was so intense, so all-consuming, that he no longer knew where he was†¦.White-hot knives were piercing every inch of his skin, his head was surely going to burst with pain, he was screaming more loudly than he'd ever screamed in his life – And then it stopped. Harry rolled over and scrambled to his feet; he was shaking as uncontrollably as Wormtail had done when his hand had been cut off; he staggered sideways into the wall of watching Death Eaters, and they pushed him away, back toward Voldemort. â€Å"A little break,† said Voldemort, the slit-like nostrils dilating with excitement, â€Å"a little pause†¦That hurt, didn't it. Harry? You don't want me to do that again, do you?† Harry didn't answer. He was going to die like Cedric, those pitiless red eyes were telling him so†¦he was going to die, and there was nothing he could do about it†¦but he wasn't going to play along. He wasn't going to obey Voldemort†¦he wasn't going to beg†¦. â€Å"I asked you whether you want me to do that again,† said Voldemort softly. â€Å"Answer me! Imperio!† And Harry felt, for the third time in his life, the sensation that his mind had been wiped of all thought†¦.Ah, it was bliss, not to think, it was as though he were floating, dreaming†¦just answer no†¦say no†¦just answer no†¦. I will not, said a stronger voice, in the back of his head, I won't answer†¦. Just answer no†¦. I won't do it, I won't say it†¦. Just answer no†¦. â€Å"I WON'T!† And these words burst from Harry's mouth; they echoed through the graveyard, and the dream state was lifted as suddenly as though cold water had been thrown over him – back rushed the aches that the Cruciatus Curse had left all over his body – back rushed the realization of where he was, and what he was facing†¦. â€Å"You won't?† said Voldemort quietly, and the Death Eaters were not laughing now. â€Å"You won't say no? Harry, obedience is a virtue I need to teach you before you die†¦.Perhaps another little dose of pain?† Voldemort raised his wand, but this time Harry was ready; with the reflexes born of his Quidditch training, he flung himself sideways onto the ground; he rolled behind the marble headstone of Voldemort's father, and he heard it crack as the curse missed him. â€Å"We are not playing hide-and-seek, Harry,† said Voldemort's soft, cold voice, drawing nearer, as the Death Eaters laughed. â€Å"You cannot hide from me. Does this mean you are tired of our duel? Does this mean that you would prefer me to finish it now, Harry? Come out, Harry†¦come out and play, then†¦it will be quick†¦it might even be painless†¦I would not know†¦I have never died†¦.† Harry crouched behind the headstone and knew the end had come. There was no hope†¦no help to be had. And as he heard Voldemort draw nearer still, he knew one thing only, and it was beyond fear or reason: He was not going to die crouching here like a child playing hide-and-seek; he was not going to die kneeling at Voldemort's feet†¦he was going to die upright like his father, and he was going to die trying to defend himself, even if no defense was possible†¦. Before Voldemort could stick his snakelike face around the headstone. Harry stood up†¦he gripped his wand tightly in his hand, thrust it out in front of him, and threw himself around the headstone, facing Voldemort. Voldemort was ready. As Harry shouted, â€Å"Expelliarmus!† Voldemort cried, â€Å"Avada Kedavra!† A jet of green light issued from Voldemort's wand just as a jet of red light blasted from Harry's – they met in midair – and suddenly Harry's wand was vibrating as though an electric charge were surging through it; his hand seized up around it; he couldn't have released it if he'd wanted to – and a narrow beam of light connected the two wands, neither red nor green, but bright, deep gold. Harry, following the beam with his astonished gaze, saw that Voldemort's long white fingers too were gripping a wand that was shaking and vibrating. And then – nothing could have prepared Harry for this – he felt his feet lift from the ground. He and Voldemort were both being raised into the air, their wands still connected by that thread of shimmering golden light. They glided away from the tombstone of Voldemort's father and then came to rest on a patch of ground that was clear and free of graves†¦.The Death Eaters were shouting; they were asking Voldemort for instructions; they were closing in, reforming the circle around Harry and Voldemort, the snake slithering at their heels, some of them drawing their wands – The golden thread connecting Harry and Voldemort splintered; though the wands remained connected, a thousand more beams arced high over Harry and Voldemort, crisscrossing all around them, until they were enclosed in a golden, dome-shaped web, a cage of light, beyond which the Death Eaters circled like jackals, their cries strangely muffled now†¦. â€Å"Do nothing!† Voldemort shrieked to the Death Eaters, and Harry saw his red eyes wide with astonishment at what was happening, saw him fighting to break the thread of light still connecting his wand with Harry's; Harry held onto his wand more tightly, with both hands, and the golden thread remained unbroken. â€Å"Do nothing unless I command you!† Voldemort shouted to the Death Eaters. And then an unearthly and beautiful sound filled the air†¦.It was coming from every thread of the light-spun web vibrating around Harry and Voldemort. It was a sound Harry recognized, though he had heard it only once before in his life: phoenix song. It was the sound of hope to Harry†¦the most beautiful and welcome thing he had ever heard in his life†¦.He felt as though the song were inside him instead of just around him†¦.It was the sound he connected with Dumbledore, and it was almost as though a friend were speaking in his ear†¦. Don't break the connection. I know. Harry told the music, I know I mustn't†¦but no sooner had he thought it, than the thing became much harder to do. His wand began to vibrate more powerfully than ever†¦and now the beam between him and Voldemort changed too†¦it was as though large beads of light were sliding up and down the thread connecting the wands – Harry felt his wand give a shudder under his hand as the light beads began to slide slowly and steadily his way†¦.The direction of the beams movement was now toward him, from Voldemort, and he felt his wand shudder angrily†¦. As the closest bead of light moved nearer to Harry's wand tip, the wood beneath his fingers grew so hot he feared it would burst into flame. The closer that bead moved, the harder Harry's wand vibrated; he was sure his wand would not survive contact with it; it felt as though it was about to shatter under his fingers – He concentrated every last particle of his mind upon forcing the bead back toward Voldemort, his ears full of phoenix song, his eyes furious, fixed†¦and slowly, very slowly, the beads quivered to a halt, and then, just as slowly, they began to move the other way†¦and it was Voldemort's wand that was vibrating extra-hard now†¦Voldemort who looked astonished, and almost fearful†¦. One of the beads of light was quivering, inches from the tip of Voldemort's wand. Harry didn't understand why he was doing it, didn't know what it might achieve†¦but he now concentrated as he had never done in his life on forcing that bead of light right back into Voldemort's wand†¦and slowly†¦very slowly†¦it moved along the golden thread†¦it trembled for a moment†¦and then it connected†¦. At once, Voldemort's wand began to emit echoing screams of pain†¦then – Voldemort's red eyes widened with shock – a dense, smoky hand flew out of the tip of it and vanished†¦the ghost of the hand he had made Wormtail†¦more shouts of pain†¦and then something much larger began to blossom from Voldemort's wand tip, a great, grayish something, that looked as though it were made of the solidest, densest smoke†¦.It was a head†¦now a chest and arms†¦the torso of Cedric Diggory. If ever Harry might have released his wand from shock, it would have been then, but instinct kept him clutching his wand tightly, so that the thread of golden light remained unbroken, even though the thick gray ghost of Cedric Diggory (was it a ghost? it looked so solid) emerged in its entirety from the end of Voldemort's wand, as though it were squeezing itself out of a very narrow tunnel†¦and this shade of Cedric stood up, and looked up and down the golden thread of light, and spoke. â€Å"Hold on. Harry,† it said. Its voice was distant and echoing. Harry looked at Voldemort†¦his wide red eyes were still shocked†¦he had no more expected this than Harry had†¦and, very dimly. Harry heard the frightened yells of the Death Eaters, prowling around the edges of the golden dome. More screams of pain from the wand†¦and then something else emerged from its tip†¦the dense shadow of a second head, quickly followed by arms and torso†¦an old man Harry had seen only in a dream was now pushing himself out of the end of the wand just as Cedric had done†¦and his ghost, or his shadow, or whatever it was, fell next to Cedric's, and surveyed Harry and Voldemort, and the golden web, and the connected wands, with mild surprise, leaning on his walking stick†¦. â€Å"He was a real wizard, then?† the old man said, his eyes on Voldemort. â€Å"Killed me, that one did†¦.You fight him, boy†¦.† But already, yet another head was emerging†¦and this head, gray as a smoky statue, was a woman's†¦.Harry, both arms shaking now as he fought to keep his wand still, saw her drop to the ground and straighten up like the others, staring†¦. The shadow of Bertha Jorkins surveyed the battle before her with wide eyes. â€Å"Don't let go, now!† she cried, and her voice echoed like Cedric's as though from very far away. â€Å"Don't let him get you, Harry – don't let go!† She and the other two shadowy figures began to pace around the inner walls of the golden web, while the Death Eaters flitted around the outside of it†¦and Voldemort's dead victims whispered as they circled the duelers, whispered words of encouragement to Harry, and hissed words Harry couldn't hear to Voldemort. And now another head was emerging from the tip of Voldemort's wand†¦and Harry knew when he saw it who it would be†¦he knew, as though he had expected it from the moment when Cedric had appeared from the wand†¦knew, because the man appearing was the one he'd thought of more than any other tonight†¦. The smoky shadow of a tall man with untidy hair fell to the ground as Bertha had done, straightened up, and looked at him†¦and Harry, his arms shaking madly now, looked back into the ghostly face of his father. â€Å"Your mother's coming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said quietly. â€Å"She wants to see you†¦it will be all right†¦hold on†¦.† And she came†¦first her head, then her body†¦a young woman with long hair, the smoky, shadowy form of Lily Potter blossomed from the end of Voldemort's wand, fell to the ground, and straightened like her husband. She walked close to Harry, looking down at him, and she spoke in the same distant, echoing voice as the others, but quietly, so that Voldemort, his face now livid with fear as his victims prowled around him, could not hear†¦. â€Å"When the connection is broken, we will linger for only moments†¦but we will give you time†¦you must get to the Portkey, it will return you to Hogwarts†¦do you understand, Harry?† â€Å"Yes,† Harry gasped, fighting now to keep a hold on his wand, which was slipping and sliding beneath his fingers. â€Å"Harry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whispered the figure of Cedric, â€Å"take my body back, will you? Take my body back to my parents,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I will,† said Harry, his face screwed up with the effort of holding the wand. â€Å"Do it now,† whispered his father's voice, â€Å"be ready to run†¦do it now†¦.† â€Å"NOW!† Harry yelled; he didn't think he could have held on for another moment anyway – he pulled his wand upward with an almighty wrench, and the golden thread broke; the cage of light vanished, the phoenix song died – but the shadowy figures of Voldemort's victims did not disappear – they were closing in upon Voldemort, shielding Harry from his gaze – And Harry ran as he had never run in his life, knocking two stunned Death Eaters aside as he passed; he zigzagged behind headstones, feeling their curses following him, hearing them hit the headstones – he was dodging curses and graves, pelting toward Cedric's body, no longer aware of the pain in his leg, his whole being concentrated on what he had to do – â€Å"Stun him!† he heard Voldemort scream. Ten feet from Cedric, Harry dived behind a marble angel to avoid the jets of red light and saw the tip of its wing shatter as the spells hit it. Gripping his wand more tightly, he dashed out from behind the angel – â€Å"Impedimenta!† he bellowed, pointing his wand wildly over his shoulder at the Death Eaters running at him. From a muffled yell, he thought he had stopped at least one of them, but there was no time to stop and look; he jumped over the cup and dived as he heard more wand blasts behind him; more jets of light flew over his head as he fell, stretching out his hand to grab Cedric's arm†¦ â€Å"Stand aside! I will kill him! He is mine!† shrieked Voldemort. Harry's hand had closed on Cedric's wrist; one tombstone stood between him and Voldemort, but Cedric was too heavy to carry, and the cup was out of reach – Voldemort's red eyes flamed in the darkness. Harry saw his mouth curl into a smile, saw him raise his wand. â€Å"Accio!† Harry yelled, pointing his wand at the Triwizard Cup. It flew into the air and soared toward him. Harry caught it by the handle – He heard Voldemort's scream of fury at the same moment that he felt the jerk behind his navel that meant the Portkey had worked – it was speeding him away in a whirl of wind and color, and Cedric along with him†¦.They were going back.

Cognitive Development Theory Essay

As a prospective educator, it is important for me to understand the cognitive development theory and how it applies to individuals. Cognitive development is basically how the thought process begins. It is the way that people learn and how mental processes become elaborate and develop. These processes include remembering things, making decisions, and also solving problems. In order for a teacher to be effective, one must understand how children develop mentally so that each student can be accommodated in the classroom. There are many theories regarding cognitive development, and there are several factors that remain constant throughout all of them. These factors form some of the basic premises on cognitive development, which include the ideas that all people go through specific steps or stages of learning or understanding, and that certain qualifications must be met before learning can occur. It is the actual specifics of these basic premises that cognitive theorists have differing opinions about. (Slavin, 2009) Two theorists that display the basic premises of cognitive development are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have similarities and differences when it comes to their views on cognitive development. We will first begin with the views of the two on the nature or development of intelligence. Piaget believed that children are naturally born with the ability to both interact with and make sense of their environment. Children as well as adults use patterns of thinking called schemes to deal with different things in the world. The process of assimilation and accommodation is used to maintain balance in our daily lives. Piaget believed that â€Å"learning depends on the process of equilibration. When equilibrium is upset, children have the opportunity to grow and develop. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 32) Different experiences that we face and factors in our environment contribute to developmental change in us. Vygotsky shared some similar ides with Piaget including the belief that the environment plays a huge role in the development of intelligence. He also believed that â€Å"development depended on a sign system, the culture’s language or writing system, that children grew up with. â€Å"(Slavin, 2009, pg. 2) Both also believed that there is an invariant sequence of steps that is the same for everyone, and that development is influenced by cognitive conflict. While the two share a few similarities on the development of intelligence, there are also differences as well. Piaget feels that development precedes learning. This simply means that something must take pace before learning can begin. Vygotsky, on the other hand, feels that learning comes before development which is the exact opposite of Piaget. It simply means that you must learn something before development can occur. Piaget and Vygotsky also had both similarities and differences on the stages of development. We will first start with the differences beginning with Piaget who believed that there are four stages to cognitive development. They are the sensorimotor, perioperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. He felt that all children passed through these stages and that you could move faster than others, but not skip a stage. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 33) The sensorimotor stage occurs at birth through two years of age. It is the stage where infants explore their environment using the five senses and motor skills. This includes sucking, grasping, and touching. The perioperational stage is from two to seven years old. Language develops at a fast pace in this stage. At this time the child’s thinking is also very self centered, and they lack the understanding of conservation. The concrete operational stage is from ages seven to eleven. At this time, thinking tends to shift from being self-centered to more logical. Problem solving is no longer restricted and the idea of reversibility also occurs. The last and final stage is the formal operational stage. This happens beginning with the age of eleven moving on into adulthood. Systematic experimentation is used to solve problems both symbolic and abstract thinking are now possible in this stage. Vygotsky felt that there was not stages, but different elements to cognitive development. The first element is private speech. â€Å"Private speech is a child’s self talk, which guides their thinking and actions, eventually internalized as silent inner speech† (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) When children are struggling with a difficult situation you often see children talking to themselves to help cope with the situation. When we become adults we still talk to ourselves, but it is usually silent. The next element of cognitive development is the zone of proximal development or ZPD. â€Å"This is the level of development immediately above the person’s present level. † (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) To better understand, this can be described as something that the child may not have learned yet, but are capable of being taught with the assistance of an adult. Educators often refer to this as a â€Å"teachable moment†. (Slavin, 2009, pg. 43) Now that we can see the differences between the two theorists, we can now explore the similarities between the two. Both heorists understand the importance of a child learning a culture’s sign system. They both feel that this has a significant impact on development. The two also agree that environmental factors such as sounds, signs, and objects are equally important. Lastly, the two theorists believe that there are some tasks that a child may not understand depending on age, but Vygotsky feels that if it is in the zone of proximal development then the child can be assisted with the help of an adult. Educators have been using both Piaget’s as well as Vygotsky’s theories in the classroom for years. An example of an activity that can be used in the classroom using Piaget’s theory of learning takes place in a kindergarten class. The teacher would ask the students to share what they do when it is raining outside. At this age we are in the perioperational stage where children tend to be egocentric. Some say that they go outside and jump in mud puddles while others may say that they stay inside and play with their toys. The children would share their experiences and they would all be correct because not everyone does the same thing. You can use Vygotsky’s theory of learning in at work in the classroom where third grade students are learning how to classify different types of dirt. You can place the students in groups where they can discuss how you properly classify the dirt. This will allow the students to hear other students thoughts, and see what methods they use to classify. Using this type of cooperative learning allows the students to learn from each other. When comparing both classroom applications we see that both classrooms are working as groups learning from each other. Piaget theory is seen in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the classroom is seeing that there are different ways to deal with the rain. The students are sharing their personal experiences and showing that there is no wrong answer. There are many ways of doing things . In the third grade classroom, the students are able to classify the dirt using touch and sight to see and feel the differences in each type. Both classrooms are interacting with the environment and learning from it. Vygotsky’s cooperative learning is also being played out in both classrooms. In the kindergarten classroom, the students are learning that there are different activities that can be done outside in the rain. Similarly, in the third grade class the students are using cooperative learning to find different ways of classifying dirt. In both classrooms the students are using the think out loud process. The differences in the two classrooms also stand out. When applying Piaget’s theory in the kindergarten classroom, you see that the students are in the perioperational stage. The students are egocentric and feel that what they say is the only right answer to the question. In the third grade class, the students are in the concrete operational stage. They are able to easily look at and see the differences in the types of dirt that they are working with. When it comes to Vygotsky’s theory in the kindergarten classroom, the students are working within their zone of proximal development. The students may not understand that they can do more than one thing in the rain because they have done the same thing every time. The teacher is using this as a teachable moment to allow the students to teach each other the different things that can be done. In the third grade class, on the other hand, private speech is being used. The students are saying their thoughts out loud to classify the dirt. When the students are using cooperative learning they are learning the different ways in which the other students use to classify the dirt. In conclusion, we can see how and why it is important to understand and know how to apply cognitive development theories in the classroom. Both Piaget and Vygotsky played major roles in how we teach our children in today’s world. We can use information and skills from both theorists to shape our students into great learners.

Trends - Social Networking sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trends - Social Networking sites - Essay Example It has quickly become a major source of information with many people relying on it to get news from all over the world, for research, to do market research and make purchases and to keep in touch with one another over great distances. One of the most influential consequences of the internet is social networking, which has become big business for those who run social networking companies since they not only charge people to pay to advertise on their websites, but many have also developed the tendency of selling the personal information of their users to other commercial companies. Social networking has come to set many trends in the world today, since it has changed the way people interact with one another as well as created a medium for people from different parts of the world to communicate. Approximately 10 percent of workers world over telecommute and this figure is exponentially high in developed countries. The most influential trends brought about by social networking sites incl ude the virtual world becoming almost as real as the physical one, phenomenal growth of information over the internet, creation of mobile devices and finally, an increased transparency into the private lives of individuals, since many share their private matters over the social networks. The psychological impacts of social networking especially on the youths have been phenomenal over the last decade; â€Å"15-24 still represent the most highly-engaged segment of social networkers† thus they make the bulk of internet users (Sighn). To many of them, the internet has become such an important role that they have become obsessed with it and they cannot function without it. Today, millions have become addicted to social networking and they literary live and sleep online for some people being disconnected makes them feel unsettle and anxious, not unlike deprived drug addicts. Nevertheless the internet has also radically changed and improved communication; social networking can be ap plauded for the developments which they have made in interpersonal communication. Interaction among people in different parts of the world has become easier and more convenient, because there is no longer any need to have physical contact for communication to take place. Instead, they have made communication virtual, with more people subscribing to the use of social network sites to communicate every day. Social networks have effectively ensured that the need for human beings to socialize has been satisfied, as well as enabled those individuals who use them to be able to communicate with large numbers of people at the same time (Singh). Thus, social networking sites have not only managed to fulfill the need for individuals to communicate with one another, but they have also created a situation where physical interaction is no longer necessary for communication. In addition, social networks have made the virtual world, to be almost as real of the physical one; in fact, for some peopl e, the virtual presence is more real than the physical one since most of their interactions with others are done over social networks (Brown 31). These networks have become the best platforms on which individuals can use to effectively communicate with each other, and this explains the reason as to why quite a large number of people prefer spending their time in these sites. It is equivocal